Brassica rapa
speciesAt a glance
Sources20 archives
Databases and archives Brassica rapa's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation22 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility80 629 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI55 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics58 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
FooDBThe Metabolomics Innovation Centrecompounds↗
foodatlascompounds
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
giftgenome & karyotype
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
TimeTreeTemple University1530 Mya from humans↗
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
NCBI Organelle GenomesNCBIorganelle genome↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactions891 partners↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
or Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) is a leaf vegetable. It is a variety of Brassica rapa, the plant species that yields the turnip, mizuna, napa cabbage, and rapini. It is grown commercially in Japan and Taiwan. It is a versatile vegetable that is cooked and eaten in many ways. The plant is also used for fodder in some Asian countries. Katori Shrine(Katori Shrine of Shin-Koiwa) The name 'komatsuna' means 'greens of Komatsu' in Japanese, a reference to the village of in Edogawa, Tokyo, where it was heavily grown during the Edo period. It was named by Tokugawa Yoshimune, the eighth shogun, who visited Edogawa in 1719 for hunting and stopped at the local Katori Shrine for lunch. The shrine priest served him soup with a rice cake and a local leaf vegetable. The shogun was impressed by the flavor of the vegetable so much and named it komatsuna, after the nearby Komatsu River (which gives Komatsugawa its name). Till this day, the Shin-Koiwa Katori Shrine offers komatsuna to the deities on New Year's Eve. People who come to the shrine to pray on New Year's Day are also given komatsuna for good luck in the new year. Since the days of the shogun, komatsuna has been bred to have a sweeter taste. The old variety thought to have been served to the shogun is not widely available. That variety is called Goseki bansei. It grows faster and has bigger but fewer leaves than ordinary komatsuna, and a strong, spicy flavor. The leaves of komatsuna may be eaten at any stage of their growth. In a mature plant they are dark green with slender light green stalks, around 30 centimeters (12") long and 18 cm (7") wide. It is most often grown in the spring and autumn, as it cannot endure extreme heat or cold for more than a short time. Although nowadays it's grown year-round in green houses.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology30
Life cycle & reproduction38
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment34
Physiology & chemistry26
Uses & economy15
Other traits5
Compounds documented for Brassica rapa across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds5 898 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol | 9,900 IU | FooDB | |
| Sugars | 1,300 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| Potassium | 853 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| Sucrose | 820 mg/100 g | FooDB | |
| D-Mannose | 820 mg/100 g | FooDB |
Every species Brassica rapa is documented to interact with — what eats it, what it eats, and the species it lives alongside. Pick a category to list every partner. Compiled from GLoBI.
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Brassica rapa has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
Besides the big genome in the nucleus, cells carry a small, circular loop of DNA inside the cell's energy factories — the mitochondria. It is inherited almost only from the mother and is a leftover from ancient bacteria that moved into the cell. The mitochondrial markers above (ND*, COX, CYTB…) are read from exactly this loop. Outer ring = one strand, inner ring = the other.
You and Brassica rapa last shared a common ancestor about 1.5 billion years ago — go back that far and a single family tree includes both of you. Same four DNA letters since then, just rearranged.
The complete instruction manual Brassica rapa carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 20180×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · CCDB · iapt · CCDB · brit-fl +15
2n 186×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 · CCDB · book-indian_vol1 +1
2n 403×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 · CCDB · brass
2n 102×CCDB · book-ipcn75-78
2n 382×CCDB · book-fedorov
2n 221×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
2n 291×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
2n 361×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
n 10112×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn66 · CCDB · book-ipcn72 +7
n 99×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 · CCDB · brass
n 112×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · brass
n 201×CCDB · brass
diploid1×GIFT · GIFT (floras)
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Record type80 629 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions252 of 392 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| UniKSlocation not on record | 387 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 241 |
| Salzburg, AT | 183 |
| DAOlocation not on record | 157 |
| Saint Louis, US | 148 |
| LDlocation not on record | 108 |
| Québec, CA | 106 |
| San Diego, US | 85 |
| Durango, MX | 82 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 80 |
| Kuopio, FI | 78 |
| Riverside, US | 70 |
| Bronx, US | 68 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 68 |
| Mexico City, MX | 63 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 63 |
| Olocation not on record | 59 |
| Claremont, US | 55 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 54 |
| Montréal, CA | 54 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 53 |
| Zürich, CH | 52 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 51 |
| University of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 49 |
| Córdoba, AR | 49 |
| Zürich, CH | 48 |
| Helsinki, FI | 48 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 45 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 43 |
| Austin, US | 42 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 41 |
| College Park, US | 40 |
| Philadelphia, US | 39 |
| Adelaide, AU | 38 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 38 |
| Oulu, FI | 37 |
| Chicago, US | 36 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 36 |
| Turku, FI | 35 |
| CASlocation not on record | 35 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 33 |
| Corvallis, US | 32 |
| South Kensington, GB | 32 |
| Guasave, MX | 31 |
| Davis, US | 31 |
| Canberra, AU | 31 |
| Burlington, US | 30 |
| Hobart, AU | 30 |
| US | 29 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 27 |
| Toronto, CA | 27 |
| Saint John, CA | 27 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 27 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 26 |
| Arcata, US | 26 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 24 |
| Trondheim, NO | 24 |
| Université Lavallocation not on record | 24 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 23 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 23 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 23 |
| San Isidro, AR | 22 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 21 |
| Kensington, AU | 20 |
| Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, AR | 19 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 19 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 19 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 18 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 18 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 18 |
| Brisbane, AU | 18 |
| Zapopan, MX | 17 |
| Bern, CH | 17 |
| Tapachula, MX | 17 |
| UChlocation not on record | 17 |
| Mexico City, MX | 16 |
| Missoula, US | 15 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 15 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 15 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 15 |
| Torreón, MX | 14 |
| St. Paul, US | 14 |
| Madison, US | 14 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 13 |
| Uppsala, SE | 13 |
| POL003location not on record | 13 |
| Bergen, NO | 13 |
| Norfolk, US | 13 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 12 |
| Flagstaff, US | 12 |
| Berlin, DE | 12 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 12 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 11 |
| MAlocation not on record | 11 |
| Nagano City, JP | 11 |
| Mlocation not on record | 11 |
| Phoenix, US | 11 |
| Morelia, MX | 10 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 10 |
| Los Angeles, US | 10 |
| Tampa, US | 10 |
| Zacatecas, MX | 10 |
| Kew, GB | 10 |
| Chiba, JP | 10 |
| IDElocation not on record | 10 |
| Fort Worth, US | 9 |
| Millersville, US | 9 |
| EL PASO, US | 9 |
| Irvine, US | 9 |
| Fayetteville, US | 9 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 9 |
| Turlock, US | 9 |
| Nanjing, CN | 8 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 8 |
| Quito, EC | 8 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 8 |
| ESP003location not on record | 8 |
| Barcelona, ES | 8 |
| Glocation not on record | 8 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 8 |
| Tilburg, NL | 8 |
| Chengdu, CN | 8 |
| Autlán de Navarro, MX | 8 |
| Tromso University Museumlocation not on record | 8 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 7 |
| Loja, EC | 7 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 7 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 7 |
| Edmonton, CA | 7 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 7 |
| Chadron, US | 7 |
| New Haven, US | 7 |
| Odawara, JP | 7 |
| Wlocation not on record | 7 |
| Auckland, NZ | 7 |
| Toluca, MX | 6 |
| Armidale, AU | 6 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 6 |
| Dekalb, US | 6 |
| Keene State Universitylocation not on record | 6 |
| Valparaíso, CL | 6 |
| Seoul, KR | 6 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 6 |
| QAUlocation not on record | 6 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 6 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 6 |
| Bozeman, US | 5 |
| Spearfish, US | 5 |
| GB | 5 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 5 |
| Northridge, US | 5 |
| Beijing, CN | 5 |
| NLD037location not on record | 5 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 5 |
| Tallinn, EE | 5 |
| Denver, US | 5 |
| Corrientes, AR | 5 |
| Tacoma, US | 5 |
| Portland, US | 4 |
| MEXUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Logan, US | 4 |
| Puerto Ayora, EC | 4 |
| Columbia, US | 4 |
| Pullman, US | 4 |
| Philadelphia, US | 4 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Honolulu, US | 4 |
| Bangkok, TH | 4 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 4 |
| Görlitz, DE | 4 |
| Knoxville, US | 4 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Boise, US | 4 |
| Universiti Sains Malaysialocation not on record | 4 |
| Little Rock, US | 4 |
| Vancouver, CA | 4 |
| Brussel, BE | 3 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 3 |
| Dhaka, BD | 3 |
| Taipei, TW | 3 |
| Green Bay, US | 3 |
| València, ES | 3 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 3 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 3 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 3 |
| San José, CR | 3 |
| Richmond, US | 3 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 3 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 3 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 3 |
| Nunoa, Santiago, CL | 3 |
| Smithfield, AU | 3 |
| Austin, US | 3 |
| Portland, US | 3 |
| Davenport, US | 3 |
| Whitehorse, CA | 3 |
| Anchorage, US | 3 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 3 |
| Xiamen, CN | 3 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 3 |
| Sucre, BO | 3 |
| Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)location not on record | 3 |
| Stockholm, SE | 3 |
| Montecillo, Texcoco, MX | 3 |
| Mississippi State, US | 3 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 3 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 3 |
| GBR006location not on record | 3 |
| University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record | 3 |
| Caldwell, US | 3 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 3 |
| Santiago de Compostela, ES | 2 |
| Cusco, PE | 2 |
| 2 | |
| Kunming, CN | 2 |
| Pittsburg, US | 2 |
| Dover, US | 2 |
| AZE015location not on record | 2 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 2 |
| QCNElocation not on record | 2 |
| Durban, ZA | 2 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 2 |
| Göteborg, SE | 2 |
| G, LGlocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record | 2 |
| BClocation not on record | 2 |
| New Brunswick, US | 2 |
| UNESP-RClocation not on record | 2 |
| Porvoo, FI | 2 |
| Moscow, US | 2 |
| Elocation not on record | 2 |
| Bothell, US | 2 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 2 |
| Wellington, NZ | 2 |
| INMAlocation not on record | 2 |
| UFOPlocation not on record | 2 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 2 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 2 |
| Aarhus, DK | 2 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 2 |
| Staten Island, US | 2 |
| Villa de Etla, MX | 2 |
| Blumenau, BR | 2 |
| Sanda, JP | 2 |
| Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBBJCM)location not on record | 2 |
| La Paz, BO | 2 |
| León, NI | 2 |
| Victoria, CA | 2 |
| Cochabamba, BO | 2 |
| San Salvador de Jujuy, AR | 2 |
| Tokushima, JP | 2 |
| GAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Harrisonburg, US | 2 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 2 |
| Quito, EC | 2 |
| Glarus, CH | 2 |
| Ashland, US | 2 |
| Winterthur, CH | 2 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 2 |
| Jackson, US | 2 |
| Garðabær, IS | 2 |
| Palmerston North, NZ | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Johnson City, US | 2 |
| Santa Teresa, BR | 2 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 2 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 2 |
| San Angelo, US | 2 |
| Provo, US | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 2 |
| Alicante, ES | 1 |
| Williamsburg, US | 1 |
| San Jose, US | 1 |
| Forssa, FI | 1 |
| Meguro Parasitological Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad Católica de Oriente (UCO)location not on record | 1 |
| ZTlocation not on record | 1 |
| Emporia, US | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Greenbelt Parklocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record | 1 |
| San Diego Natural History Museum, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Salamanca, ES | 1 |
| Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)location not on record | 1 |
| Stephenville, US | 1 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 1 |
| Teresina, BR | 1 |
| Servico de Microbiologia e Imunologialocation not on record | 1 |
| Maringá, BR | 1 |
| UFPRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Miami, US | 1 |
| Cape Town, ZA | 1 |
| Fulda, DE | 1 |
| Fort Bragg, US | 1 |
| MMHNSRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Trois-Rivières, CA | 1 |
| GHPG$location not on record | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| Tomioka, JP | 1 |
| Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-UPF)location not on record | 1 |
| HRV044location not on record | 1 |
| Pocatello, US | 1 |
| Ensenada, MX | 1 |
| Taipei, TW | 1 |
| DOI/FWS, Kenai National Wildlife Refugelocation not on record | 1 |
| Madrid, ES | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| Castelar, AR | 1 |
| Podgorica, ME | 1 |
| Orem, US | 1 |
| Feira de Santana, BR | 1 |
| H-Hohlalocation not on record | 1 |
| Joondalup, AU | 1 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 1 |
| UFSJlocation not on record | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Mount Rainier National Parklocation not on record | 1 |
| Post Graduate College Bannulocation not on record | 1 |
| Cambridge, US | 1 |
| Lanzhou, CN | 1 |
| Wayland Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Mendoza, AR | 1 |
| Dresden, DE | 1 |
| KOMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Springfield, US | 1 |
| Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paranálocation not on record | 1 |
| Sagamihara, JP | 1 |
| Fairfax, US | 1 |
| Research Collection of B. A. Bennettlocation not on record | 1 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| MX | 1 |
| Washington, US | 1 |
| Culiacán, MX | 1 |
| KR | 1 |
| St. Augustine, TT | 1 |
| UTFPR-DVlocation not on record | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
| Conway, US | 1 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 1 |
| nbflocation not on record | 1 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Cruz das Almas, BR | 1 |
| IEBlocation not on record | 1 |
| US | 1 |
| QVMAGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record | 1 |
| UIBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Mohonk Preservelocation not on record | 1 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| ESALQlocation not on record | 1 |
| McGill University, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Instituto para la Investigación y la Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca - INCIVAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Cuenca, EC | 1 |
| UNESP-FCAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chicago, US | 1 |
| UTFPR-SLlocation not on record | 1 |
| Lausanne, CH | 1 |
| Chapingo, MX | 1 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Salta, AR | 1 |
| Hunan Geological Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNESClocation not on record | 1 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 1 |
| Due West, US | 1 |
| Henderson, US | 1 |
| USFSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Oswego, US | 1 |
| MEDELlocation not on record | 1 |
| La Paz, MX | 1 |
| Valparaiso, CL | 1 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 1 |
| Fullerton, US | 1 |
| Wollongong, AU | 1 |
| Sion, CH | 1 |
| Tlalnepantla, MX | 1 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Kochi, JP | 1 |
| Xinxiang, CN | 1 |
| WINlocation not on record | 1 |
| Paris, FR | 1 |
| Museo civico di Ecologia e Storia naturale di Marano sul Panarolocation not on record | 1 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 1 |
| Buenos Aires, AR | 1 |
| Hermosillo, MX | 1 |
| Parthenon Tama History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Managua, NI | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Brassica rapa was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.