Pieris rapae
(Linnaeus, 1758) · speciesAt a glance
Sources11 archives
Databases and archives Pieris rapae's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation16 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility3 320 266 records↗
OBISOcean Biodiversity Information System2 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI2 204 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics2 060 specimens↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinegenome & karyotype↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
miniatur|Kleiner Kohlweißling Fliegender Kleiner Kohlweißling in Zeitlupe Der Kleine Kohlweißling (Pieris rapae) ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Familie der Weißlinge und gehört zu den am häufigsten in Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Tagfaltern. Das Artepitheton leitet sich vom lateinischen Wort rapa (die Rübe) ab. Rüben zählen jedoch nicht zur Nahrung der Raupen.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Diet & foraging2
Compounds documented for Pieris rapae across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile1 class
Documented compounds19 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (3S,4R,4aR,6S,6aS,7S,8R,8aS,8bR,9S,9aS)-4,6,7,8a,8b,9a-Hexahydroxy-7-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3,6a,9-trimethyldodecahydro-6,9-methanobenzo[1,2]pentaleno[1,6-bc]furan-8-yl 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| 9,21-Didehydroryanodine | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3R,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,6,9,11,13,14-hexahydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7,10-dimethyl-11-propan-2-yl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,4S,6S,7R,9S,10S,11S,12S,13R,14S)-2,4,6,9,11,14-hexahydroxy-3,7,10-trimethyl-11-propan-2-yl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,3,6,9,11,13,14-heptahydroxy-3,7,10-trimethyl-11-propan-2-yl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,6,9,11,13,14-hexahydroxy-11-[(2R)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3,7,10-trimethyl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,6,9,11,13,14-hexahydroxy-11-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-3,7,10-trimethyl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] benzoate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,6,9,11,13,14-hexahydroxy-7,10-dimethyl-11-propan-2-ylspiro[15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecane-3,2'-oxirane]-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,3S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-6,9,11,13,14-pentahydroxy-3,7,10-trimethyl-11-propan-2-yl-12-(1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyloxy)-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-2-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS | |
| [(1R,2R,4S,6S,7S,9S,10S,11S,12R,13S,14R)-2,4,6,9,11,13,14-heptahydroxy-7,10-dimethyl-3-methylidene-11-propan-2-yl-15-oxapentacyclo[7.5.1.01,6.07,13.010,14]pentadecan-12-yl] 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Pieris rapae has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
Besides the big genome in the nucleus, cells carry a small, circular loop of DNA inside the cell's energy factories — the mitochondria. It is inherited almost only from the mother and is a leftover from ancient bacteria that moved into the cell. The mitochondrial markers above (ND*, COX, CYTB…) are read from exactly this loop. Outer ring = one strand, inner ring = the other.
The complete instruction manual Pieris rapae carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type3 320 268 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions67 of 172 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| DanishLepidopterologicalSocietylocation not on record | 3 649 |
| New Haven, US | 1 474 |
| UMUlocation not on record | 1 409 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 1 391 |
| Helsinki, FI | 1 263 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 589 |
| Laboratorium voor Microbiologie der Landbouwhogeschoollocation not on record | 560 |
| Zürich, CH | 536 |
| CA | 531 |
| Brussel, BE | 526 |
| Cambridge, US | 498 |
| East Lansing, US | 488 |
| Toronto, CA | 421 |
| Museum zu Allerheiligen Schaffhausenlocation not on record | 397 |
| Edmonton, CA | 350 |
| Saint John, CA | 315 |
| Kuopio, FI | 294 |
| Essig Museum of Entomologylocation not on record | 277 |
| Sydney, AU | 264 |
| Tartu, EE | 246 |
| St. Paul, US | 227 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 215 |
| University Park, US | 173 |
| Georgia Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 162 |
| Salzburg, AT | 149 |
| NMOKlocation not on record | 146 |
| White River Junction, US | 144 |
| South Kensington, GB | 144 |
| NSMKlocation not on record | 141 |
| Philadelphia, US | 139 |
| Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciêncialocation not on record | 137 |
| Natural History Museum of Utahlocation not on record | 131 |
| Philadelphia, US | 128 |
| Vernal, US | 127 |
| Denver, US | 119 |
| Lubbock, US | 116 |
| NHMOlocation not on record | 100 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 89 |
| US | 89 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 87 |
| Bern, CH | 85 |
| ZMAAlocation not on record | 83 |
| Sanda, JP | 82 |
| WWUlocation not on record | 80 |
| San Diego, US | 78 |
| Podgorica, ME | 73 |
| Cornell University Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 70 |
| Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiejlocation not on record | 69 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 68 |
| Royal Saskatchewan Museumlocation not on record | 65 |
| HUNMlocation not on record | 64 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 60 |
| Muzeum Górnośląskie w Bytomiulocation not on record | 58 |
| University of Alberta Museums (UAM)location not on record | 57 |
| Blacksburg, US | 55 |
| Durban Natural Science Museumlocation not on record | 53 |
| Geneva, CH | 52 |
| WSUClocation not on record | 51 |
| MZLUlocation not on record | 49 |
| Auckland, NZ | 49 |
| NCMGlocation not on record | 48 |
| Naturéum — Muséum cantonal des sciences naturelles, Lausanne, Département Zoologielocation not on record | 47 |
| Ghent, BE | 46 |
| Paro, BT | 45 |
| UDlocation not on record | 44 |
| YONElocation not on record | 43 |
| Musee d'Histoire Naturallelocation not on record | 42 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 42 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 40 |
| Obihiro Centennial City Museumlocation not on record | 40 |
| Ishikawa Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 38 |
| Tromsø, NO | 38 |
| Dhaka, BD | 36 |
| European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT)location not on record | 35 |
| University of Nevada, Museum of Biologylocation not on record | 33 |
| MWLRlocation not on record | 31 |
| University of Guelph, Centre for Biodiversity Genomicslocation not on record | 30 |
| Tallinn, EE | 27 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 26 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 25 |
| CBDClocation not on record | 24 |
| Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoologylocation not on record | 24 |
| Gifu prefectural Museumlocation not on record | 22 |
| Winterthur, CH | 22 |
| Naturmuseum Solothurnlocation not on record | 21 |
| Uniwersytet Łódzkilocation not on record | 21 |
| DNSMlocation not on record | 20 |
| NTNU-VMlocation not on record | 20 |
| Universidad Católica de Manizaleslocation not on record | 19 |
| King Saud Universitylocation not on record | 17 |
| Fribourg, CH | 16 |
| Cleveland Museum of Natural History, OH (CLEV)location not on record | 16 |
| München, DE | 15 |
| Naturmuseum St. Gallenlocation not on record | 15 |
| John May Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 15 |
| US | 14 |
| CUlocation not on record | 13 |
| Mississippi State, US | 13 |
| IMEDEAlocation not on record | 12 |
| New Zealand Arthropod Collectionlocation not on record | 12 |
| neflocation not on record | 12 |
| Sion, CH | 12 |
| Gothenburg, SE | 11 |
| Chicago, US | 11 |
| MUZOO - Musée d'histoire naturelle de La Chaux-de-Fondslocation not on record | 10 |
| Tasmanian Museum & Art Gallerylocation not on record | 10 |
| Banyoles, ES | 9 |
| University of Central Floridalocation not on record | 9 |
| Albuquerque, US | 9 |
| Brussels, BE | 9 |
| Denton, US | 9 |
| Nagatoro-machi, Chichibu-gun, JP | 8 |
| University of Kaiserslauternlocation not on record | 8 |
| Stockholm, SE | 8 |
| SFRAlocation not on record | 8 |
| CNClocation not on record | 7 |
| Garðabær, IS | 7 |
| ULLlocation not on record | 7 |
| Decorah, US | 7 |
| RBINS-Scientific Heritagelocation not on record | 6 |
| CASMlocation not on record | 6 |
| Gyeryonsan Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 6 |
| Barcelona, ES | 6 |
| UGRlocation not on record | 6 |
| KSSlocation not on record | 5 |
| Chicago, US | 5 |
| Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 5 |
| Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 5 |
| Denver, US | 5 |
| Naturmuseum Oltenlocation not on record | 4 |
| UVEG-ENVlocation not on record | 4 |
| DABUHlocation not on record | 4 |
| MJINlocation not on record | 4 |
| Natick, US | 4 |
| ZSMlocation not on record | 3 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 3 |
| RMZlocation not on record | 3 |
| RCMlocation not on record | 3 |
| DPIlocation not on record | 3 |
| Champaign, US | 3 |
| Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 3 |
| Radicondoli, IT | 3 |
| NMBU:MINAlocation not on record | 3 |
| WIlocation not on record | 3 |
| BioFokuslocation not on record | 3 |
| NMMElocation not on record | 2 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 2 |
| University of Guelphlocation not on record | 2 |
| Research Collection of Crispin S. Guppylocation not on record | 2 |
| San Luis Potosí, MX | 2 |
| Bavarian State Collection of Zoologylocation not on record | 2 |
| CESVlocation not on record | 2 |
| RERElocation not on record | 2 |
| Centre for Biodiversity Genomicslocation not on record | 2 |
| DASSHlocation not on record | 2 |
| Oregon State Arthropod Collectionlocation not on record | 2 |
| KNAMlocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Lodz, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiologylocation not on record | 2 |
| Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Informatics Departmentlocation not on record | 1 |
| Wellington, NZ | 1 |
| Los Angeles, US | 1 |
| Hartland Nature Clublocation not on record | 1 |
| SGAV-and-NHMDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Research Collection of Hartmut Wegnerlocation not on record | 1 |
| Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomologylocation not on record | 1 |
| OSUClocation not on record | 1 |
| Provo, US | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Vietnam National Museum of Naturelocation not on record | 1 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 1 |
| Colorado State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| EGBlocation not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Pieris rapae was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.