Urochloa mutica
(Forssk.) T.Q.Nguyen · speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records4 930
Data sources10
Biological traits130
DNA specimens7
eDNA detections6
Sources10 archives
Databases and archives Urochloa mutica's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation8 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility4 930 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI6 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics7 specimens↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
giftgenome & karyotype
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗On this page6 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements5 literature sources130 traits
Occurrence & distributionGBIF4 930 records
Environmental DNA1 datasets · 2 countries6 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD7 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GIFT2n = 36
01Narrative
Brachiaria mutica is a species of grass known by the common names para grass, buffalo grass, Mauritius signal grass, pasto pare, malojilla, gramalote, parana, Carib grass, and Scotch grass.Stone, Katharine R. 2010. Urochloa mutica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.Urochloa mutica. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. Despite its common name California grass, it does not occur in California;Urochloa mutica. USDA Plants Profile. it is native to northern and central Africa and parts of the Middle East, where it is cultivated for fodder. It was introduced elsewhere and it is now cultivated throughout tropical regions of the world for this purpose.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesWCVPGIFTAusTraitsUSDATRY
Size & morphology21
Fruit length max2 mm
Fruit length min1.8 mm
Inflorescence length max25 cm
Inflorescence length min10 cm
Leaf length180 mm
Leaf length max350 mm
Leaf length min75 mm
Leaf size972 mm²
Leaf width10.5 mm
Leaf width max20 mm
Leaf width min4 mm
Plant height0.91 m
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.91 m · AusTraits: 1.25 m · USDA: 0.914 m · TRY: 0.914 m
Plant height max1.8 m
Plant height min0.25 m
Seed length1.8 mm
Seed length max1.8 mm
Seed length min1.8 mm
Seed mass1.03 mg
Seed width1.2 mm
Seed width max1.2 mm
Seed width min1.2 mm
Life cycle & reproduction32
Bloom periodIndeterminate
Coppice potentialNo
Deciduousnessn.d.
Dehiscenceindehiscent
Dispersal typewind
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: anemochory · GIFT: zoochorous
Flower colourgreen
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: green · USDA: Purple
Flower conspicuousNo
Flowering timeyynnnnnnnnny
Fruit seed period beginYear Round
Fruit seed period endYear Round
Growth rate USDARapid
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryLong
Pollination syndromewind
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsYes
Propagated by tubersNo
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Reproduction asexualpresent
Resprout abilityNo
Resprouting capacityresprouts
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Sex typehermaphrodite
Vegetative spread rateModerate
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment32
Active growth periodYear Round
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatedesert or dry shrubland
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max1 500 m
Elevation min0 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerDense
Foliage porosity winterDense
Foliage textureCoarse
Fruit colourbrown
Fruit fleshinessdry
Fruit typecaryopsis
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: caryopsis · GIFT: achene
Growth formherb
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · AusTraits: tussock · TRY: Herb
Growth form USDAStoloniferous
Habitat GIFTÁrea Antrópica, Caatinga (stricto sensu), Campo de Várzea, Floresta Ciliar ou Galeria, Floresta Ombrófila (= Floresta Pluvial)
Hedge toleranceMedium
Known allelopathNo
Leaf compoundnesssimple
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassYes
Mycorrhiza typearbuscular
Root depth min36 in
Shape and orientationDecumbent
Small grainNo
Succulenceno
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry22
Anaerobic toleranceMedium
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceMedium
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min365 days
Leaf c470 mg/g
Leaf n12.8 mg/g
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC4
Precipitation max200 in
Precipitation min30 in
Protein potentialMedium
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceMedium
Soil pH max8.7 pH
Soil pH min5.3 pH
Temperature min17 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productYes
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalMedium
Palatable graze animalHigh
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound425 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Planting density max40 000 per acre
Planting density min1 000 per acre
Shoot orientationascending
05DNA & barcoding7 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Urochloa mutica has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens7
Marker genes4
eDNA detections6
Countries2
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GIFT
The complete instruction manual Urochloa mutica carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 36 n = 18
Ploidy2× diploid · measured
Chromosome records18–522n range36median36mode18records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 3614×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 · CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 +3
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sinha, R. R. P., A. K. Bhardwaj & R. K. Singh. 1990. SOCGI plant chromosome number reports---IX. J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 140–143.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Nassar, N. M. A. 1977. A cytogenetical study on some grasses cultivated in central Brazil. Ci. & Cult. (Sao Paulo) 29: 1032–1034.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — SHARMA, M. L. & S. Kaur. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 706.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Pandit, M. K. 2006. Polyploidy in invasive plant species of Singapore. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 151: 395–403.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — NATH, J., M.S. SWAMINATHAN, & K.L. MEHRA. 1970. Cytological studies in the tribe Paniceae, Gramineae. Cytologia 35: 111-131.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — GOULD, F. W., & T. R. SODERSTROM. 1967. Chromosome numbers of tropical American grasses. Arn. Jour. Bot. 54: 676-683.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — KAMMACHER, P., G. ANOMA, E. ADJANOHOUN & L. AKE ASS!. 1973. Nombres chromosomiques de Graminees de Cote-d'Ivoire. Candollea 28: 191-217.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — SINHA, R.R.P., & R.P. JHA. 1972. Cytological studies in some grasses' of Bihar. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 59( III): '352-353.
CCDB · book-indian_vol2 — Hunter, A.W.S. 1934 ; Nath, J. & Swaminathan, M.S. 1957 ; Muniyamma, M. 1968 ; Nath, J. et al. 1970; Narayan, K.N, & Muniyamma, M. 1972; Sinha, R.R.P. & Jha, R.P. 1972 ; Kamrnacher, P. et al. 1973 ; Davidse, G. & Pohl, R.W. 1974; Muniyama, M. & Narayan, K.N. 1975 ; Christopher, J. & Abraham, A. 197 6 ; Dujardin, M. 1979a
CCDB · book-indian_vol2 — Burton, G.W. 1942 ; Warmke, H.E. 1951 ; Gould, F.W. & Soderstrom, T.R. 1967 ; Davidse, G. & Pohl, R.W. 1972a
CCDB · book-fedorov — Hunter 1934
CCDB · book-fedorov — Nath, Swaminathan 1957
CCDB · book-fedorov — Moffett, Hurcombe 1949
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
2n 183×CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 · CCDB · book-indian_vol2 · GIFT · GIFT (floras)
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — GOULD, F.W., & T.R. SODERSTROM. 1974. Chromosome numbers of some Ceylon grasses. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 1075-1090.
CCDB · book-indian_vol2 — Gould, F.W. & Soderstrom, T.R. 1974
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
2n 521×CCDB · book-indian_vol2
CCDB · book-indian_vol2 — Sharma, M.L. & Kaur, S. 1980 ; Mehrll, P.N. & Kohli, B.L. 1966; Mehra, P.N. et at. 1968
n 1811×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn72 · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 +3
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Basappa, G. P., M. MUNIYAMMA & C. C. Chinnappa. 1987. An investigation of chromosome numbers in the genus Brachiaria (Poaceae: Paniceae) in relation to morphology and taxonomy. Canad. J. Bot. 65: 2297–2309.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Mehra, P. N. 1982. Cytology of East Indian grasses. ý.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sinha, R. R. P., A. K. Bhardwaj & R. K. Singh. 1990. SOCGI plant chromosome number reports---IX. J. Cytol. Genet. 25: 140–143.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Basappa, G. P. & M. Muniyamma. 1981. In Chromosome number reports LXXII. Taxon 30: 703.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — SHARMA, M. L. & S. Kaur. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 706.
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — DAVIDSE, G., & R.W. POHL. 1972. Chromosome numbers and notes on some Central American grasses. Canad. J. Bot. 50: 273-283.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — NATH, J., M.S. SWAMINATHAN, & K.L. MEHRA. 1970. Cytological studies in the tribe Paniceae, Gramineae. Cytologia 35: 111-131.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Christopher & Abraham 1976
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — DAVIDSE, G., & R.W. POHL. 1974. Chromosome numbers, meiotic behavior, and notes on tropical American grasses (Gramineae). Canad. J. Bot. 52: 317-328.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — SINHA, R.R.P., & R.P. JHA. 1972. Cytological studies in some grasses' of Bihar. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 59( III): '352-353.
CCDB · Cave1957 — Nath & Swaminathan
n 61×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Bir, S. S. & M. Sahni. 1986. SOCGI plant chromosome number reports -- IV. J. Cytol. Genet. 21: 152–154.
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid1×GIFT · GIFT (floras)
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type4 930 records
Wild obs. + sensor3 790
Museum / vouchered1 050
Other90
Origin
Native5
Introduced190
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO7 484 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy86% within 1 km
≤100 m 655≤1 km 99≤10 km 67>10 km 53
874 georeferenced · 2 916 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor3 790
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy43% within 1 km
≤100 m 145≤1 km 31≤10 km 186>10 km 44
406 georeferenced · 644 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence1 050
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions77 of 148 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Brisbane, AU | 123 |
| Saint Louis, US | 100 |
| Palmerston, AU | 46 |
| Tampa, US | 43 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 42 |
| Canberra, AU | 38 |
| Bronx, US | 38 |
| Mexico City, MX | 38 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 36 |
| Xiamen, CN | 29 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 17 |
| St. Augustine, TT | 17 |
| Kensington, AU | 16 |
| Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR)location not on record | 16 |
| Honolulu, US | 13 |
| Smithfield, AU | 12 |
| Universidade Federal do Ceara, Departamento de Biologialocation not on record | 12 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 11 |
| San Isidro, AR | 10 |
| Université de Bordeauxlocation not on record | 10 |
| Durham, US | 9 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 9 |
| Fortaleza, BR | 9 |
| Auckland, NZ | 9 |
| Salvador, BR | 9 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 8 |
| Bloomington, US | 8 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 8 |
| UFERSAlocation not on record | 7 |
| Loja, EC | 7 |
| Austin, US | 7 |
| Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária, IPAlocation not on record | 6 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 6 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 6 |
| Montecillo, Texcoco, MX | 6 |
| Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipaslocation not on record | 6 |
| Mexico City, MX | 5 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 5 |
| Berlin, DE | 5 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 5 |
| Chicago, US | 4 |
| Feira de Santana, BR | 4 |
| Adelaide, AU | 4 |
| DanBIFlocation not on record | 4 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 4 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 4 |
| Chaguaramas, TT | 4 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 4 |
| Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Región Xalapalocation not on record | 4 |
| Cuiabá, BR | 4 |
| Corrientes, AR | 4 |
| J.F.Oberlin Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Cambridge, US | 4 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 4 |
| LBVlocation not on record | 3 |
| Madison, US | 3 |
| Zapopan, MX | 3 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| Cenargenlocation not on record | 3 |
| Brasília, BR | 3 |
| Area de Conservacion Guanacastelocation not on record | 3 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 3 |
| Miami, US | 3 |
| Brasília, BR | 2 |
| Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologialocation not on record | 2 |
| Blumenau, BR | 2 |
| Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Nortelocation not on record | 2 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Laboratory of Palaeontologylocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)location not on record | 2 |
| Baroda, IN | 2 |
| James Cook Townsvillelocation not on record | 2 |
| IPA/SPlocation not on record | 2 |
| Northridge, US | 2 |
| International Salmonella Centre (W.H.O.)location not on record | 2 |
| UFSClocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 2 |
| Calabar, NG | 2 |
| HNBlocation not on record | 2 |
| MEXUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Mérida, MX | 2 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 2 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 2 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 2 |
| FUVATESlocation not on record | 2 |
| US | 2 |
| San Diego, US | 2 |
| Universidade Federal de Santa Catarinalocation not on record | 2 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 2 |
| Burlington, US | 1 |
| Bogotá, D.C., CO | 1 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Seropédica, BR | 1 |
| XALlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)location not on record | 1 |
| Corvallis, US | 1 |
| Plocation not on record | 1 |
| Pennsylvania Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 1 |
| BMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Armidale, AU | 1 |
| Castelar, AR | 1 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Aarhus, DK | 1 |
| Autlán de Navarro, MX | 1 |
| Pondicherry, IN | 1 |
| Universidad de Córdoba (UC)location not on record | 1 |
| UFMGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Wlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sangmiung Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 1 |
| Masindi, UG | 1 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 1 |
| Comisión Técnico Consultiva de Coeficientes de Agostaderolocation not on record | 1 |
| Hermosillo, MX | 1 |
| Nishihara, JP | 1 |
| INMAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Mount Pleasant, US | 1 |
| VENlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de El Salvadorlocation not on record | 1 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 1 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 1 |
| San José, CR | 1 |
| UNESP-IBILCElocation not on record | 1 |
| UnBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 1 |
| Culiacán, MX | 1 |
| Rishon Le Zion, IL | 1 |
| Torreón, MX | 1 |
| Hobart, AU | 1 |
| Paris, FR | 1 |
| Bangkok, TH | 1 |
| Universidad Católica de Oriente (UCO)location not on record | 1 |
| UFPElocation not on record | 1 |
| Giardini Botanici Hanburylocation not on record | 1 |
| Herbier National du Gabonlocation not on record | 1 |
| Logan, US | 1 |
| UFVJMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 1 |
| UFRRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 1 |
| San Angelo, US | 1 |
| UNESP-ISlocation not on record | 1 |
| CEPLAClocation not on record | 1 |
| T. M. Bhagalpur Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
148 institutions · 1 002 of 1 050 vouchered records shown · 47 without an institution code
09Environmental DNA6 detections
Where the DNA of Urochloa mutica was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found6
Studies independent surveys1
Countries2
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 6 detections have coordinates
Open the map2 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median23.0 °C 23.0–27.1
Seasonal swing summer↔winter2.30 °C
Max temp (day)25.8 °C 25.8–28.9
Min temp (night)20.7 °C 20.7–24.4
Precipitation182 mm/mo 182–315
Air humidity70.8 % 67.7–70.8
Moisture balance59.6 mm/mo 59.6–149
Vapour deficit817 Pa 817–1,181
Wind speed2.30 m/s 2.30–2.50
Cloud cover18.6 % 18.6–42.8
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 4 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.