Trollius europaeus
speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records199 753
Data sources13
Biological traits39
DNA specimens42
eDNA detections166
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Trollius europaeus's data was compiled from.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility199 753 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI166 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics42 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗On this page7 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements4 literature sources39 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS · NPASS27 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF199 753 records
Environmental DNA2 datasets · 5 countries166 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD42 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT4.9 Gbp
01Narrative
Le trolle, trolle d'Europe, trolle des montagnes ou la boule d'or, est une espèce de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des Renonculacées.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesGIFTLEDATRYWCVP
Size & morphology10
Leaf mass348 mg
Leaf size3 417 mm²
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 3 417 mm² · LEDA: 5 770 mm² · GIFT: 5 348 mm²
Plant height0.275 m
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.275 m · LEDA: 0.35 m · TRY: 0.411 m
Plant height generative0.37 m
Plant height max0.9 m
Plant height min0.15 m
Seed length1.64 mm
Seed mass0.933 mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 0.933 mg · LEDA: 0.87 mg · GIFT: 0.941 mg
Seed mass max1.22 mg
Seed mass min0.81 mg
Life cycle & reproduction11
Deciduousnessaestival
⚠ sources differ — TRY: aestival · GIFT: deciduous
Dispersal typewater
Flowering endJul
Flowering startMay
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Pollination modebiotic
Pollination syndromeinsect
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Seed number174
Self fertilizationpresent
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment8
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Growth formherb
Habitat GIFTcut-over forest, forest, forest edges, meadows, shrubberies, steppe
Mycorrhiza typearbuscular
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry8
Leaf C:N ratio18.68 g/g
Leaf c437 mg/g
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)233 mg/g
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 233 mg/g · LEDA: 190 mg/g
Leaf n27.17 mg/g
Leaf p2.73 mg/g
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Seed longevity index0
Specific leaf area (SLA)22.04 mm²/mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 22.04 mm²/mg · LEDA: 23.42 mm²/mg · GIFT: 22.59 mm²/mg
Other traits1
Diaspore typeone-seeded generative dispersule
03Chemical composition27 compounds
Compounds documented for Trollius europaeus across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Isoflavones11
Carotenoids (C40, β-β)3
Pyridine alkaloids $ Quinolizidine alkaloids2
Lupane triterpenoids2
Flavones1
Documented compounds27 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (-)-Syringaresinol | present | NPASS | |
| (3S)-3-[2,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | present | NPASS | |
| (S)-Naringenin | present | NPASS | |
| 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl hexopyranoside | present | NPASS | |
| 4',7-Dimethoxyisoflavone | present | NPASS | |
| 5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | present | NPASS | |
| 5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(1R,2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]oxychromen-4-one | present | NPASS | |
| 5-Hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyisoflavone | present | NPASS | |
| 5-O-Methylgenistein | present | NPASS | |
| 6-Epineoflor | present | LOTUS |
05DNA & barcoding42 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Trollius europaeus has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens42
Marker genes5
eDNA detections166
Countries6
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS1★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT
The complete instruction manual Trollius europaeus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size4 870 440 000 bp
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
THIS GENOME Trollius europaeus4.87 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 16 n = 8
Ploidydiploid inferred
Chromosome records16–242n range16median16mode55records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 1653×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · CCDB · ita-fl · CCDB · brit-fl +14
GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew
CCDB · ita-fl — LOEVE A., LOEVE D. - 1982. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVI.. Taxon , 31(3): 583-587.
CCDB · brit-fl — Elkington, T.T. Watsonia 10: 80 (1974)
CCDB · brit-fl — Hedberg, O. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 52: 37-46 (1958)
CCDB · brit-fl — Bailey, J.P., Gornall, R.J. Irish Naturalists' J. : ()
CCDB · iber-fl — Cytotaxomy of spanish plants. III.-Dicotyledons Lve, A. & E. Kjellqvist.Lagascalia4(1): 3-32(1974).
CCDB · nw-europe-fl — http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1603
CCDB · fl-europaea — Sokolovskaya, 1958
CCDB · fl-europaea — Skalinska et al.,
CCDB · poland — Skali?ska M., Czapik R., Piotrowicz M. et al. 1959. Further studies in chromosome numbers of Polish Angiosperms (Dicotyledons). Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 28, 487-529.
CCDB · poland — Doroszewska A. 1964. Tetraploid Trollius europaeus L. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 33, 9-13.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Lavrenko, A. N., N. P. Serditov & Z. G. Ulle. 1988. Chromosome numbers in some species of Asparagaceae, Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae from the north Urals (Komi ASSR). Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 73: 605–607.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Lavrenko, A. N. & N. P. Serditov. 1985. Karyosystematic study of Ranunculaceae and Paeoniaceae in the north-east of the European part of the USSR. Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 70(10): 1346–1354.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Nikolov, N. A. 1991. Chromosome numbers of Bulgarian angiosperms from North Pirin Mountain: Reserve "Bajuvi Dupki--D|3zind|3zirica". Fitologija 41: 70–75.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Pacheco. 2004. Números cromosómicos para la flora Española. 819--830. Lagascalia 24: 175–182.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Pashuk, K. T. 1987. Chromosome numbers in species of subalpine belt of Chernogora (Ukrainian Carpatians). Bot. Zhurn. 72: 1069–1074.
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — ENGELSKJOEN, T., & G. KNABEN. 1971. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine plant species. III. Acta Boreal., A, Scientia No. 28: 1-30.
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — LOVKA, M., F. SUSNIK, A. LOEVE, & D. LOEVE. 1972. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXXVI. Taxon 21: 333-346.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — DOROSZEWSKA, A. 1967. Chromosomes of some Trollius species. Act. Polsk. Towarz. Bot. 36: 567-577.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — LOVKA, M., F. SUSNIK, A. LOEVE, & D. LOEVE. 1971. In IOPB chromosome number reports XXXIV. Taxon 20: 785-797:-
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — LAANE, M. M. 1967. KromosomundersBkelser i Cst-Finnmarks flora. II. (Chromosome numbers in the flora of eastern Finmark. II.) ,Blyttia 25: 45-54.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — ZHUKOVA, P. G. 1967. Karyology of some plants, cultivated in the Arctic-Alpine Botanical Garden. (In Russian). In N. A. Avrorin (ed.): Plantarum in Zonam Polarem Transportatio. II. Leningrad 1967, pp. 139-149.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Gustavsson 1978a
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Ferakova & Murin 1974
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Vachova 1978
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — ELKINGTON, T.T. 1974. Chromosome numbers of British plants, 1. Watsonia 10: 80.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — LOEVE, A., & E. KJELLQVIST. 1974. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. III Dicotyledons: Salicaceae - Rosaceae. Lagascalia 4: 3-32.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — MAJOVSKY, J., ET AL. 1974. Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian Flora. (Part 4). Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comenianae Bot. 23: 1-23.
CCDB · book-fedorov — Langlet 1927a
CCDB · book-fedorov — JleBBTCRJd 1931B
CCDB · book-fedorov — Tischler 1934
CCDB · book-fedorov — Matsuura, Suta 1935
CCDB · book-fedorov — COROliOBCRaSI, CTpe.'IROBa 1941, 1960, 1962
CCDB · book-fedorov — LOve A., LOve 1944b
CCDB · book-fedorov — P6lya 1949
CCDB · book-fedorov — Mattick (T. 1950)
CCDB · book-fedorov — Hedberg O. 1958
CCDB · book-fedorov — Satczek (Skalin~ka ot al. 1959)
CCDB · book-fedorov — JKyROBa 1961
CCDB · book-fedorov — Sorsa V. 19ti~. 1963h
+12 more references
2n 181×CCDB · book-fedorov
CCDB · book-fedorov — Delay 1947
2n 241×CCDB · book-fedorov
CCDB · book-fedorov — LundegArdh 1909
n 86×CCDB · book-ipcn72 · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 · CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 +2
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — ENGELSKJOEN, T., & G. KNABEN. 1971. Chromosome numbers of Scandinavian arctic-alpine plant species. III. Acta Boreal., A, Scientia No. 28: 1-30.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — DOROSZEWSKA, A. 1970. Hybrids of Trollius pumilus Don with other species of the same genus. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 39: 257-284.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — ELKINGTON, T.T. 1974. Chromosome numbers of British plants, 1. Watsonia 10: 80.
CCDB · Cave1963 — Sorsa 1962, 1963
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Castroviejo & al. (2003). Flora Iberica (vol. I-VIII, X, XIV) Publicaciones del CSIC Madrid
n 91×CCDB · book-ipcn65
CCDB · book-ipcn65 — Laane 1965
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type199 753 records
Wild obs. + sensor193 185
Museum / vouchered6 168
Cultivated / captive24
Other376
Origin
Native5 867
Introduced5
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO204 616 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy53% within 1 km
≤100 m 59 565≤1 km 23 107≤10 km 70 817>10 km 2 979
156 468 georeferenced · 36 717 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor193 185
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy30% within 1 km
≤100 m 420≤1 km 932≤10 km 2 293>10 km 928
4 573 georeferenced · 1 595 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence6 168
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy50% within 1 km
≤1 km 5>10 km 5
10 georeferenced · 14 without coordinates
Open the mapnot free-living24
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions64 of 143 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 742 |
| Helsinki, FI | 540 |
| Olocation not on record | 436 |
| Salzburg, AT | 387 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 384 |
| LDlocation not on record | 360 |
| Kuopio, FI | 275 |
| Trondheim, NO | 216 |
| Oulu, FI | 161 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 140 |
| KFGBlocation not on record | 133 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 118 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 109 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 108 |
| Lausanne, CH | 89 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 89 |
| Tartu, EE | 88 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 87 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 84 |
| Turku, FI | 78 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 67 |
| MAlocation not on record | 63 |
| Tallinn, EE | 62 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 59 |
| Tampere, FI | 56 |
| Bern, CH | 55 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 43 |
| No collectionlocation not on record | 42 |
| Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 38 |
| Bergen, NO | 37 |
| South Kensington, GB | 37 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 32 |
| Uppsala, SE | 30 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 30 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 29 |
| València, ES | 28 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 28 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 27 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 26 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 25 |
| Vitebsk State University named after P.M. Masherovlocation not on record | 22 |
| Kandalaksha State Nature Reservelocation not on record | 18 |
| Porvoo, FI | 16 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 15 |
| Görlitz, DE | 12 |
| Barcelona, ES | 11 |
| Madrid, ES | 11 |
| Wlocation not on record | 11 |
| Kostrzyca Forest Gene Banklocation not on record | 10 |
| BClocation not on record | 10 |
| Vitoria, ES | 10 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 10 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 10 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 10 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 9 |
| Glarus, CH | 9 |
| Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowielocation not on record | 8 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 8 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 8 |
| NMBU:MINAlocation not on record | 7 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 7 |
| Salamanca, ES | 7 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 7 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 6 |
| Wellington, NZ | 6 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 6 |
| Fulda, DE | 5 |
| Stockholm, SE | 5 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 5 |
| Mlocation not on record | 5 |
| Auckland, NZ | 5 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 4 |
| Philadelphia, US | 4 |
| Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reservelocation not on record | 4 |
| Winterthur, CH | 4 |
| Saint Louis, US | 4 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 4 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Badajoz, ES | 4 |
| Berlin, DE | 3 |
| Paris, FR | 3 |
| nbflocation not on record | 3 |
| Dresden, DE | 3 |
| JBCLMlocation not on record | 3 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 3 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 3 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 3 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 3 |
| University of Gdansk, Dept. of Plant Taxonomy & Nature Conservationlocation not on record | 3 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 3 |
| Tilburg, NL | 3 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 3 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 3 |
| Sion, CH | 2 |
| Göteborg, SE | 2 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 2 |
| Forssa, FI | 2 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 2 |
| European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT)location not on record | 2 |
| Universität Erlangen-Nürnberglocation not on record | 2 |
| Bronx, US | 2 |
| Tromso University Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Jaén, ES | 2 |
| Flagstaff, US | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Garden Edinburghlocation not on record | 1 |
| Nanjing, CN | 1 |
| Zürich, CH | 1 |
| Dhaka, BD | 1 |
| Granada, ES | 1 |
| Macomb, US | 1 |
| Moscow, US | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| Bourges, FR | 1 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 1 |
| Uniwersytet w Białymstokulocation not on record | 1 |
| Xiamen, CN | 1 |
| ULBF-AGRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| IPE-CSIClocation not on record | 1 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 1 |
| Banyoles, ES | 1 |
| Saint John, CA | 1 |
| FLADlocation not on record | 1 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 1 |
| SNSNMClocation not on record | 1 |
| CASlocation not on record | 1 |
| Podgorica, ME | 1 |
| Muséum Henri Lecoqlocation not on record | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| Herb. BBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| PRClocation not on record | 1 |
| AUT001location not on record | 1 |
| The State Museum-Preserve "The Kulikovo pole"location not on record | 1 |
| BG-NMNHSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 1 |
| H-Adlerlocation not on record | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
| H-Wolflocation not on record | 1 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 1 |
143 institutions · 5 868 of 6 168 vouchered records shown · 298 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA166 detections
Where the DNA of Trollius europaeus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found166
Studies independent surveys2
Countries5
Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 166 detections have coordinates
Open the map5 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median17.7 °C -1.80–19.1
Seasonal swing summer↔winter20.6 °C
Max temp (day)21.6 °C 0.2–23.5
Min temp (night)13.6 °C -3.90–14.7
Precipitation75.1 mm/mo 43.5–120
Air humidity59.3 % 58.8–71.3
Moisture balance-48.4 mm/mo -51.5–59.0
Vapour deficit780 Pa 156–916
Wind speed2.80 m/s 2.20–4.80
Cloud cover34.4 % 27.5–60.9
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 165 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.