Symplocos tinctoria (the common sweetleaf, horse-sugar, or yellowwood) is a deciduous or evergreen shrub or tree. It is recognized by pith of twigs chambered; by foliage not notably aromatic when bruised, leaves finely hairy beneath. Shrubs or trees to 17 m tall by 36 cm DBH. The largest first-year twigs are under 3 mm across, terminal buds with acute tip, scales ciliate. Leaves are 7–15 cm long, margin entire or occasionally some teeth on the apical half, with a sweet taste that may be faint in old leaves. It is conspicuous when in flower; flowers opening before new leaves develop, fragrant, in clusters from axils of previous year's leaves or from just above the leaf scars if the leaves have fallen; the petals are creamy yellow to yellow, with one pistil. Fruits nearly cylindrical to ellipsoid drupes 8–12 mm long, with thin pulp and a hard stone containing 1 seed; the tip usually retaining parts of the sepals. Foliage is relished by browsing wildlife. A yellow dye may be obtained from bark and leaves. It flowers Mar to May.Trees of the Southeastern United States by Wilbur Howard Duncan and Marion Bennett Duncan, 1988, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia,
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 8.08 m · USDA: 6.1 m · TRY: 10.06 m
Life cycle & reproduction22
Bloom periodLate Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginFall
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formshrub or tree
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryShort
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedNo
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Habitat & environment20
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Foliage colorYellow-Green
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formtree
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: tree · TRY: Tree, Shrub
Growth form USDARhizomatous
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry18
Anaerobic toleranceNone
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceNone
Fire resistantNo
Frost free days min178 days
Leaf c394 mg/g
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)240 mg/g
Leaf n25.45 mg/g
Leaf p1.36 mg/g
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max100 in
Precipitation min40 in
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceLow
Soil pH max6.5 pH
Soil pH min4.5 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)23.29 mm²/mg
Temperature min-22 °F
Uses & economy12
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Height at 20yr12.19 m
Planting density max1 280 per acre
Planting density min320 per acre
03Chemical composition10 compounds
Compounds documented for Symplocos tinctoria across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Symplocos tinctoria has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens5
Marker genes4
GenBank sequences4
eDNA detections9
Countries1
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK2★rbcL1★ITS1★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB
The complete instruction manualSymplocos tinctoria carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 28 n = 14
Ploidydiploid inferred
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 281×CCDB · eflora
CCDB · eflora
n 141×CCDB · book-ipcn66
CCDB · book-ipcn66 — Hardin 1966
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy85% within 1 km
≤100 m 1 842≤1 km 329≤10 km 128>10 km 269
2 568 georeferenced · 491 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor3 059
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy34% within 1 km
≤100 m 53≤1 km 141≤10 km 252>10 km 120
566 georeferenced · 414 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence980
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions48 of 76 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
Chapel Hill, US
146
Bangkok, TH
133
DOI/NPS, Mississippi National River & Recreation Arealocation not on record
69
Jackson, US
66
Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record
36
Bronx, US
34
Tuscaloosa, US
30
Philadelphia, US
30
Williamsburg, US
27
GAlocation not on record
27
Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record
25
Columbia, US
24
Tampa, US
22
Valdosta State Universitylocation not on record
21
US
18
Norfolk, US
16
University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record
15
Saint Louis, US
14
Miami, US
13
Clemson, US
12
Durham, US
12
BAYLUlocation not on record
11
Austin, US
11
Fort Worth, US
11
Chongqing Museumlocation not on record
11
Bloomington, US
9
Burlington, US
8
Tall Timbers Research Stationlocation not on record
7
University of North Carolina at Pembrokelocation not on record
6
Knoxville, US
6
AUAlocation not on record
6
Wuzhou, CN
6
University of Stellenboschlocation not on record
6
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record
5
CASlocation not on record
4
Mississippi State, US
4
Little Rock, US
4
Audubon Society -- Silver Bluff Audubon Center and Sanctuarylocation not on record
3
Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preservelocation not on record
3
College Park, US
3
China Agricultural Universitylocation not on record
3
Riverside, US
3
James F. Matthews Center for Biodiversity Studieslocation not on record
3
Fayetteville, US
3
Maryland Department of Natural Resourceslocation not on record
2
Western Carolina Universitylocation not on record
2
Asheville, US
2
Logan, US
2
EL PASO, US
2
Lincoln, US
2
Millersville, US
2
Flagstaff, US
2
Chadron, US
2
Dekalb, US
2
Dresden, DE
1
Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record
1
Fairfax, US
1
Dover, US
1
Philadelphia, US
1
North Carolina Museum of Natural Scienceslocation not on record
1
Fredericksburg, US
1
Montréal, CA
1
University of South Carolina Salkehatchielocation not on record
1
Richmond, US
1
Due West, US
1
Helsinki, FI
1
University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record
1
Madison, US
1
Claremont, US
1
ASUlocation not on record
1
Turku, FI
1
Meguro Parasitological Museumlocation not on record
1
Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record
1
Baltimore, US
1
LDlocation not on record
1
Edmonton, CA
1
76 institutions · 968 of 980 vouchered records shown · 12 without an institution code
09Environmental DNA9 detections
Where the DNA of Symplocos tinctoria was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found9
Studies independent surveys2
Countries1
Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 9 detections have coordinates
Open the map1 country0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median27.8 °C 27.8–27.8
Seasonal swing summer↔winter17.2 °C
Max temp (day)33.2 °C
Min temp (night)23.7 °C
Precipitation112 mm/mo
Air humidity61.6 %
Moisture balance-59.9 mm/mo
Vapour deficit1,431 Pa
Wind speed1.60 m/s
Cloud cover24.6 %
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 4 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.