Compounds documented for Swertia bimaculata across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile4 classes
Totarane diterpenoids3
Methyl xanthones $ Plant xanthones2
Plant xanthones2
Stigmastane steroids1
Documented compounds6 total
Compound
Class
Amount
Source
(+)-Totarol
present
NPASS
16-Hydroxytotarol
present
NPASS
beta-Sitosterol
present
NPASS
Decussatin
present
LOTUS
Swertianolin
present
LOTUS
Totaral
present
NPASS
05DNA & barcoding10 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Swertia bimaculata has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens10
Marker genes4
GenBank sequences10
eDNA detections10
Countries3
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
Swertia bimaculata voucher ABANERJEE64402 small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence; and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK1★rbcL6★ITS3★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB
The complete instruction manualSwertia bimaculata carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Shigenobu, Y. 1982b. Cytological relationship between Swertia bimaculata and S. swertopsis. J. Jap. Bot. 57: 353–357.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Shigenobu, Y. 1983. Karyomorphological studies in some genera of Gentianaceae II. Gentiana and its allied four genera. Bull. Coll. Child Develop., Kochi Womens Univ. 7: 65–84.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — WADA, z. 1966. Chromosome numbers in Gentianaceae. Chromosome Inf. Serv. 7: 28-30.
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Wada, Z. 1955, 1966; Sharma, A. & Sarkar, A.K. 1967-1968; Wada, Z. & Tanaka, N. 1968
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sharma, A. K. 1970. Annual report, 1967-1968. Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — WADA, z. 1966. Chromosome numbers in Gentianaceae. Chromosome Inf. Serv. 7: 28-30.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — SHARMA, A., & A.K. SARKAR (Editors). 1967-68. Chromosome number reports of plants in Annual Report, Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of"li"otany, University of Calcutta. The Research Bulletin. 2: 38-Q8.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Sharma 1970
n 111×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Roy, S. C., S. Ghosh & A. Chatterjee. 1988. A cytological survey of eastern Himalayan plants. II. Cell Chromosome Res. 11: 93–97.
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy44% within 1 km
≤100 m 30≤1 km 12≤10 km 19>10 km 35
96 georeferenced · 60 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor156
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy17% within 1 km
≤1 km 31≤10 km 140>10 km 8
179 georeferenced · 2 322 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence2 501
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy
no georeferenced coordinates · 2 records without
Open the mapnot free-living2
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions61 of 97 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
Chengdu, CN
354
Beijing, CN
287
Yangling, CN
208
Kunming, CN
159
Shinshu Universitylocation not on record
120
Nagano City, JP
113
Guangzhou, CN
105
Odawara, JP
91
Wuhan, CN
72
Kochi, JP
70
Bando, JP
68
Nanjing, CN
64
KURAlocation not on record
50
Guilin, CN
50
Central China Normal Universitylocation not on record
45
Tomioka, JP
40
Fukushima Universitylocation not on record
37
Chengdu, CN
31
Tsukuba, JP
31
Sanda, JP
30
Toyama, JP
24
Cambridge, US
21
Wuhan, CN
20
Sendai, JP
18
Tokushima, JP
18
WNNUlocation not on record
17
Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukubalocation not on record
15
Akita Prefectural Museumlocation not on record
14
CASlocation not on record
13
Iwate Prefectural Museumlocation not on record
13
Edinburgh, GB
13
Kagoshima, JP
12
Changsha, CN
10
Shanghai, CN
10
Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Scienceslocation not on record
9
Xining, CN
9
Lanzhou, CN
9
Cambridge, US
9
Institute for Agricultural Bacteriology and Fermentation Biologylocation not on record
9
Chiba, JP
8
Guiyang, CN
8
Osaka, JP
8
Seoul, KR
8
Shanghai, CN
7
Hangzhou, CN
7
Xinxiang, CN
7
SXTCMlocation not on record
7
Toyota city nature sanctuarylocation not on record
7
Xian, CN
7
Zürich, CH
7
Nanjing, CN
6
Zhejiang Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record
6
Otaru, JP
6
KOMlocation not on record
6
Sagamihara, JP
5
Yunnan Universitylocation not on record
5
Bronx, US
5
Nanchong, CN
5
Omachi Alpine Museumlocation not on record
5
Nishihara, JP
5
Nishihara, JP
4
Shanxi Institute of Biologylocation not on record
4
Guiyang, CN
4
Taipei, TW
4
Chongqing Natural History Museumlocation not on record
4
Taipei, TW
4
Tianjin Natural History Museumlocation not on record
3
Xiamen, CN
3
Kawasaki Shi Tama Ku, JP
3
Nagasaki University - Fisherieslocation not on record
3
Zhuzhou, CN
3
Guangzhou, CN
3
Awka, NG
3
Chengdu, CN
2
nlocation not on record
2
Zhengzhou, CN
2
Jiangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicinelocation not on record
2
Zürich, CH
2
Frankfurt am Main
2
SIHUlocation not on record
2
Peking Universitylocation not on record
2
Shanxi Universitylocation not on record
1
JP
1
FFPRIlocation not on record
1
Moscow State Universitylocation not on record
1
Kew, GB
1
Institute of Applied Ecology, Academia Sinicalocation not on record
1
J.F.Oberlin Universitylocation not on record
1
Capital Normal Universitylocation not on record
1
HUFDlocation not on record
1
Berlin, DE
1
FJIDClocation not on record
1
Gifu prefectural Museumlocation not on record
1
Zhejiang Universitylocation not on record
1
Sapporo, JP
1
htclocation not on record
1
Chongqing, CN
1
97 institutions · 2 500 of 2 501 vouchered records shown
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA10 detections
Where the DNA of Swertia bimaculata was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found10
Studies independent surveys1
Countries1
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 10 detections have coordinates
Open the map1 country0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median14.8 °C 14.8–14.8
Seasonal swing summer↔winter14.1 °C
Max temp (day)17.9 °C
Min temp (night)9.30 °C
Precipitation297 mm/mo
Air humidity63.1 %
Moisture balance218 mm/mo
Vapour deficit617 Pa
Wind speed1.10 m/s
Cloud cover29.9 %
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 1 detection point · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation4 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 667 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI10 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics10 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype