Size & morphology1
Plant height2 m
Life cycle & reproduction26
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodLate Summer
Coppice potentialNo
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colourgreen
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryLong
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsYes
Propagated by tubersNo
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateModerate
Seedling vigorHigh
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment26
Active growth periodSpring
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatesubtropical
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max1 000 m
Elevation min0 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureFine
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb
Growth form USDABunch
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min18 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry19
Anaerobic toleranceMedium
C:N ratioLow
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceMedium
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min250 days
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC4
Precipitation max50 in
Precipitation min40 in
Salinity toleranceHigh
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max7.5 pH
Soil pH min5.5 pH
Temperature min17 °F
Uses & economy13
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable graze animalHigh
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceHigh
Fruit seed conspicuousYes
Fruit seed persistenceYes
Planting density max3 700 per acre
Planting density min2 728 per acre