Spirodela polyrhiza
(L.) Schleid. · speciesAt a glance
Sources12 archives
Databases and archives Spirodela polyrhiza's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation14 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility125 853 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI43 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics55 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Spirodela polyrhiza ( S. polyrrhiza) is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat, greater duckweed, great duckmeat, common duckweed, and duckmeat. It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology13
Life cycle & reproduction15
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment13
Physiology & chemistry3
Compounds documented for Spirodela polyrhiza across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds31 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (3E,6S,10S,14S)-2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadeca-1,3-diene | present | NPASS | |
| (7Z,10R,11E,13Z)-10-hydroxyhexadeca-7,11,13-trienoic acid | present | NPASS | |
| (all-E)-Violaxanthin | present | NPASS | |
| 11-Hexadecenoic acid | present | NPASS | |
| 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | present | NPASS | |
| AIGNAKDHCZHHSV-LWYYNNOASA-N | present | NPASS | |
| alpha-Linolenic acid | present | NPASS | |
| Apigenin | present | NPASS | |
| Apigenin 7-glucoside | present | NPASS | |
| Apigenin-7-O-Glucoside | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Spirodela polyrhiza has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Spirodela polyrhiza carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 404×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
2n 802×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
tetraploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type125 853 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions199 of 339 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 2 756 |
| Helsinki, FI | 270 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 236 |
| Madison, US | 229 |
| LDlocation not on record | 171 |
| St. Paul, US | 163 |
| Olocation not on record | 162 |
| Philadelphia, US | 143 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 133 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 122 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 92 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 89 |
| Odawara, JP | 75 |
| Bloomington, US | 74 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 64 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 51 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 48 |
| Saint Louis, US | 47 |
| Bronx, US | 46 |
| Green Bay, US | 44 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 44 |
| Uppsala, SE | 43 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 43 |
| Beijing, CN | 41 |
| Oulu, FI | 40 |
| Osaka, JP | 39 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 38 |
| Austin, US | 37 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 36 |
| Fort Worth, US | 36 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 32 |
| International Salmonella Centre (W.H.O.)location not on record | 32 |
| Pullman, US | 30 |
| Sanda, JP | 30 |
| Kochi, JP | 29 |
| Burlington, US | 28 |
| Kuopio, FI | 27 |
| Tampa, US | 27 |
| Bangkok, TH | 27 |
| Chiba, JP | 26 |
| Palmerston, AU | 26 |
| Hokkaido University Museumlocation not on record | 26 |
| Fukushima Universitylocation not on record | 25 |
| Bergen, NO | 24 |
| University of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 23 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 23 |
| Tartu, EE | 22 |
| Missoula, US | 21 |
| Williamsburg, US | 21 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 21 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 20 |
| College Park, US | 20 |
| Corvallis, US | 19 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 18 |
| Lincoln, US | 18 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 18 |
| Görlitz, DE | 17 |
| Salzburg, AT | 17 |
| Nagano City, JP | 17 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 17 |
| Trondheim, NO | 17 |
| South Kensington, GB | 17 |
| Moscow, US | 16 |
| Toronto, CA | 16 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 15 |
| Tallinn, EE | 15 |
| UGentlocation not on record | 15 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 15 |
| Université Lavallocation not on record | 15 |
| Mexico City, MX | 15 |
| Bern, CH | 15 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 15 |
| Victoria, CA | 14 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 14 |
| Irkutsk State Universitylocation not on record | 14 |
| Hiratsuka City Museumlocation not on record | 13 |
| Logan, US | 13 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 13 |
| New Haven, US | 13 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 13 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 12 |
| Chadron, US | 12 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 12 |
| Kew, GB | 12 |
| IFR-DNFlocation not on record | 12 |
| Taipei, TW | 11 |
| Claremont, US | 11 |
| Riverside, US | 11 |
| Bando, JP | 11 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 11 |
| MAlocation not on record | 10 |
| Miami, US | 10 |
| Jackson, US | 9 |
| Akita Prefectural Museumlocation not on record | 9 |
| Shinshu Universitylocation not on record | 9 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 9 |
| Auckland, NZ | 9 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 9 |
| Wlocation not on record | 8 |
| CASlocation not on record | 8 |
| Millersville, US | 8 |
| WINlocation not on record | 8 |
| Tokushima, JP | 8 |
| Tomioka, JP | 8 |
| Québec, CA | 8 |
| Vancouver, CA | 8 |
| KURAlocation not on record | 7 |
| Montréal, CA | 7 |
| Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record | 7 |
| Mississippi State, US | 7 |
| Fayetteville, US | 7 |
| Chicago, US | 7 |
| Norfolk, US | 7 |
| Canberra, AU | 7 |
| Durango, MX | 7 |
| Little Rock, US | 6 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 6 |
| Philadelphia, US | 6 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 6 |
| Arcata, US | 6 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 6 |
| Nishihara, JP | 6 |
| Brisbane, AU | 6 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 6 |
| KIWElocation not on record | 6 |
| Columbia, US | 6 |
| Nagatoro-machi, Chichibu-gun, JP | 5 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 5 |
| NMBU:MINAlocation not on record | 5 |
| Sagamihara, JP | 5 |
| Staten Island, US | 5 |
| US | 5 |
| Salamanca, ES | 5 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 5 |
| Berlin, DE | 5 |
| Kunming, CN | 5 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 5 |
| Porvoo, FI | 5 |
| Flagstaff, US | 5 |
| Toyama, JP | 5 |
| Otaru, JP | 4 |
| Lubbock, US | 4 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 4 |
| Honolulu, US | 4 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 4 |
| Portland, US | 4 |
| Ishikawa Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 4 |
| PRClocation not on record | 4 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 4 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 4 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 4 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 4 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 4 |
| Kawasaki Shi Tama Ku, JP | 4 |
| San Diego, US | 4 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 4 |
| KR | 4 |
| Vitoria, ES | 4 |
| Denver, US | 4 |
| Servico de Microbiologia e Imunologialocation not on record | 4 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 4 |
| Dresden, DE | 4 |
| Boise, US | 4 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 4 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 4 |
| Knoxville, US | 4 |
| Fairfax, US | 4 |
| US | 4 |
| Durban, ZA | 4 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 3 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Yangling, CN | 3 |
| Adelaide, AU | 3 |
| Badajoz, ES | 3 |
| Xiamen, CN | 3 |
| Kensington, AU | 3 |
| Hokkaido University Botanic Gardenlocation not on record | 3 |
| Sendai, JP | 3 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 3 |
| Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR)location not on record | 3 |
| Durham, US | 3 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 3 |
| US | 3 |
| University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record | 3 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Pittsburg, US | 3 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 3 |
| Tacoma, US | 3 |
| Barcelona, ES | 3 |
| Wuhan, CN | 3 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Davenport, US | 2 |
| Aarhus, DK | 2 |
| Henderson, US | 2 |
| Elocation not on record | 2 |
| Denton, US | 2 |
| nbflocation not on record | 2 |
| Taipei, TW | 2 |
| Mount Pleasant, US | 2 |
| València, ES | 2 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Davis, US | 2 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 2 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| Granada, ES | 2 |
| Caldwell, US | 2 |
| AUAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Guilin, CN | 2 |
| Cheney, US | 2 |
| Kyoto Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Madrid, ES | 2 |
| Whitehorse, CA | 2 |
| Keene State Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Tokyolocation not on record | 2 |
| Bozeman, US | 2 |
| Tall Timbers Research Stationlocation not on record | 2 |
| Turku, FI | 2 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 2 |
| 河南豫北黄河故道湿地鸟类国家级自然保护区location not on record | 2 |
| DULlocation not on record | 2 |
| Northridge, US | 2 |
| Ypsilanti, US | 2 |
| University of Wisconsinlocation not on record | 2 |
| Springfield, US | 2 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 2 |
| Mlocation not on record | 2 |
| Institute of the biological problems of the North FEB RASlocation not on record | 2 |
| JP | 2 |
| Mazatlán, MX | 2 |
| BClocation not on record | 2 |
| Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisienlocation not on record | 2 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 2 |
| H-AkrKGlocation not on record | 2 |
| Nishihara, JP | 2 |
| Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabascolocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipaslocation not on record | 2 |
| Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collectionlocation not on record | 2 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 2 |
| Allentown, US | 2 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 2 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 2 |
| Awka, NG | 1 |
| Sapporo, JP | 1 |
| Jefferson City, US | 1 |
| Institute of Applied Ecology, Academia Sinicalocation not on record | 1 |
| Fulda, DE | 1 |
| University of Winnipeglocation not on record | 1 |
| HNBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Yaoundé, CM | 1 |
| Metsähallituslocation not on record | 1 |
| Iwate Prefectural Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chicago, US | 1 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| J.F.Oberlin Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| OTSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 1 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 1 |
| Smithfield, AU | 1 |
| Parthenon Tama History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Research Collection of B. A. Bennettlocation not on record | 1 |
| Phoenix, US | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Mississippi National River & Recreation Arealocation not on record | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Oswego, US | 1 |
| Coimbra, PT | 1 |
| Guasave, MX | 1 |
| León, NI | 1 |
| Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropicallocation not on record | 1 |
| SIHUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 1 |
| Parkville, AU | 1 |
| Peking Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 1 |
| Elikins, US | 1 |
| Samara National Research Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| TAIElocation not on record | 1 |
| Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Edmonton, CA | 1 |
| Provo, US | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| San Francisco, US | 1 |
| Fribourg, CH | 1 |
| DOI/FWS, Kenai National Wildlife Refugelocation not on record | 1 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 1 |
| GB | 1 |
| Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-UPF)location not on record | 1 |
| Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Moreloslocation not on record | 1 |
| Henderson State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Angwin, US | 1 |
| Beijing Normal Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Lausanne, CH | 1 |
| Albuquerque, US | 1 |
| Valdosta State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Saint John, CA | 1 |
| San Jose, US | 1 |
| Pocatello, US | 1 |
| Walla Walla, US | 1 |
| Ivano-Frankove, UA | 1 |
| Fredericksburg, US | 1 |
| Forssa, FI | 1 |
| Morgantown, US | 1 |
| Zürich, CH | 1 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 1 |
| Pondicherry, IN | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| Dekalb, US | 1 |
| Tampere, FI | 1 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 1 |
| Washington, US | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
| Spearfish, US | 1 |
| Jaén, ES | 1 |
| BMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tilburg, NL | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Greenbelt Parklocation not on record | 1 |
| Museum Of Natural And Environmental History, Shizuokalocation not on record | 1 |
| Universität Göttingenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Charleston Southern Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Central China Normal Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Wuhan, CN | 1 |
| IDElocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record | 1 |
| Taipei, TW | 1 |
| Namur, BE | 1 |
| Université du Lomélocation not on record | 1 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 1 |
| Kushiro City Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| B.A. Bennett Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Conway, US | 1 |
| KIRMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Banklocation not on record | 1 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Spirodela polyrhiza was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.