Size & morphology4
Plant height0.76 m
Seed mass1.25 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 1.25 mg · GIFT: 0.972 mg
Seed mass max1.34 mg
Seed mass min1.34 mg
Life cycle & reproduction24
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodMid Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourorange
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Habitat & environment22
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Foliage colorDark Green
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureCoarse
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · TRY: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min16 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessvariable
Physiology & chemistry19
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min120 days
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max16 in
Precipitation min8 in
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8 pH
Soil pH min6.3 pH
Temperature min-28 °F
Uses & economy13
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityField Collections Only
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound750 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceYes