Sonchus maritimus
speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records5 208
Data sources7
Biological traits20
DNA specimens6
eDNA detections4
Sources7 archives
Databases and archives Sonchus maritimus's data was compiled from.
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility5 208 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI4 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics6 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotypeOn this page6 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Traits & measurements4 literature sources20 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS15 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF5 208 records
Environmental DNA1 datasets · 3 countries4 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD6 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB2n = 18
02Traits & measurements
SourcesTRYLEDAGIFTWCVP
Size & morphology3
Plant height0.6 m
Plant height max0.6 m
Seed mass0.27 mg
Life cycle & reproduction7
Deciduousnessdeciduous
Flowering endMay
Flowering startApr
Life formperennial or rhizomatous geophyte
Life spanperennial
Lifespan years6 years
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment8
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max2 400 m
Elevation min5 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Growth formherb
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry1
Photosynthetic pathwayunknown
03Chemical composition15 compounds
Compounds documented for Sonchus maritimus across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Flavones7
Cinnamic acids and derivatives3
Flavonols2
Simple coumarins2
Isoindole alkaloids1
Documented compounds15 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (3R,4R,6S)-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| 2,3-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methyl-1H-isoindol-1-one | present | LOTUS | |
| 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one | present | LOTUS | |
| Aesculetin | present | LOTUS | |
| Apigenin | present | LOTUS | |
| Apiumetrin | present | LOTUS | |
| Isochlorogensaure | present | LOTUS | |
| Luteolin 7-diglucoside | present | LOTUS | |
| Luteolin 7-glucoside | present | LOTUS |
05DNA & barcoding6 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Sonchus maritimus has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens6
Marker genes3
eDNA detections4
Countries4
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB
The complete instruction manual Sonchus maritimus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 18 n = 9
Ploidydiploid inferred
Chromosome records18–182n range18median18mode24records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 1824×CCDB · ita-fl · CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · fl-europaea +6
CCDB · ita-fl — BRULLO S., PAVONE P., TERRASI M.C. - 1979. Numeri cromosomici per la flora italiana:632-646.. Inform. Bot. Ital. , 11(2): 161-171.
CCDB · iber-fl — Contribuiao para o conhecimento citotaxonmico das spermatophyta de Portugal. II. Compositae, supl. 1 Queirs, M.Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 247: 299-314(1973).
CCDB · iber-fl — Contribution la connaissance cytotaxinomique des spermatophyta du Portugal. II. Compositae Fernandes, A. & M. Queirs.Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 245: 5-121(1971).
CCDB · iber-fl — Cytotaxonomy of spanish plants. IV.-Dicotyledons: Caesalpinacea-Asteracea. Lve, A. & E. Kjellqvist.Lagascalia4(2): 153-211(1974).
CCDB · iber-fl — Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Mejas, J. A. & B. Valds.Bot. J. Linn. Soc.98: 61-69(1988).
CCDB · fl-europaea — Delay, 1968
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Mejías, J. A. & B. Valdés. 1988. Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian peninsula. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 61–69.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Vogt, R. & C. Oberprieler. 1993. Chromosome numbers of north African phanerograms. I. Fl. Medit. 3: 187–210.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Fernandez Casas, J. & C. M. SANTAMARIA. 1978. In Numeros cromosomicos para la I flora Espanola. 1-44. Lagascalia 7: 191–216.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — LABADIE, J. 1976a. Contribution à l'etude caryosystematique des espeees halophiles du littoral languedocier (plus precisement, especes appartenant à la classe des Salicornietea). These, Universite du Languedoc. 222 pp.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Valdes-Bermejo, E. & S. CASTROVIEJO. 1977. Notas cariosistematicas sobre flora espanola II. Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 34: 325–334.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — FERNANDES, A., & M. QUEIROS. 1971. Contribution a la connaissance cytotaxinomique des Spermatophyta du Portugal. II Compositae Bol. soc. Brot. 45 (ser. 2l: 5-122.
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — QUEIROS, M. 1973. Contribuicao para o conhecimento citotaxonomico dJ spermatophyta de Portugal. 47(Ser. 2l: 299-314. II Compositae, supl. I Bol. Soc. Brot. I
CCDB · book-ipcn73-74 — LOEVE, A., & E. KJELLQVIST. 1974. Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV. Dicotyledons: Caesalpiniaceae- Asteraceae. Lagascalia 4: 153-211.
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Henin (Boulos, L. 1960); Delay, J. 1968b; Fernandes, A. & Queiros, M. 1971 ; Roux, P.J. & Boulos, L. 1972; Labadie, J.P. 1976
CCDB · book-fedorov — Henin (Boulos 1960)
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Mejías, J. A. & B. Valdés. (1988). Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 61-69.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Fernandes, A. & Queirós, M. (1971a). Contribution à la connaissance cytotaxinomique des spermatophyta du Portugal. II. Compositae. Bol. Soc. Brot. 45: 5-122.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Labadie, J. P. (1976). Reports [In Löve, A. (ed.), IOPB chromosome numbers reports LIV]. Taxon 25(5/6): 636-639.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Löve, A. & Kjellqvist, E. (1974b). Cytotaxonomy of Spanish plants. IV.-Dicotyledons: Caesalpinaceae-Asteraceae. Lagascalia 4(2): 153-211.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Queirós, M. (1973b). Contribuiçao para o conhecimento citotaxonómico das Spermatophyta de Portugal. II. Compositae, supl. 1. Bol. Soc. Brot. 47: 299-314.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Vogt, R. & C. Oberprieler (1993a). Chromosome numbers of North African phanerogams. I. Fl. Medit. 3: 187-210.
n 98×CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 +1
CCDB · iber-fl — Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Mejas, J. A. & B. Valds.Bot. J. Linn. Soc.98: 61-69(1988).
CCDB · iber-fl — Nmeros cromosmicos para la flora espaola, 353-362. Silvestre, S.Lagascalia12(2): 298-303(1984).
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Silvestre, S. 1984. Números 353-362, In Números cromosómicos para la flora expañola. 300-364. Lagascalia 12: 298–303.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Mejías, J. A. & B. Valdés. 1988. Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian peninsula. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 61–69.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — DELAY, J. 1968. Halophytes II. Inf. Ann. Caryosyst. et Cytogenet. 2: 17-22.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Mejías, J. A. & B. Valdés. (1988). Karyological studies in Sonchus section Maritimi (Asteraceae) from the Iberian Peninsula. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 61-69.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Silvestre, S. (1984). Números cromosómicos para la flora española, 353-362. Lagascalia 12(2): 298-303.
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type5 208 records
Wild obs. + sensor4 614
Museum / vouchered257
Other337
Origin
Native108
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO8 060 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy47% within 1 km
≤100 m 1 105≤1 km 838≤10 km 2 058>10 km 122
4 123 georeferenced · 491 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor4 614
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy41% within 1 km
≤100 m 7≤1 km 28≤10 km 48>10 km 2
85 georeferenced · 172 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence257
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions19 of 43 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 66 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 16 |
| Barcelona, ES | 15 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 14 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 10 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 10 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 10 |
| MAlocation not on record | 9 |
| LDlocation not on record | 9 |
| València, ES | 9 |
| BClocation not on record | 7 |
| Paris, FR | 6 |
| Granada, ES | 6 |
| Alicante, ES | 5 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 4 |
| UIBlocation not on record | 4 |
| Kew, GB | 4 |
| Bratislava, SK | 3 |
| Sevilla, ES | 3 |
| Bourges, FR | 3 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 2 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 2 |
| Badajoz, ES | 2 |
| JBSlocation not on record | 2 |
| Rishon Le Zion, IL | 2 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 2 |
| Hazara Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 1 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 1 |
| Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Scienceslocation not on record | 1 |
| Wlocation not on record | 1 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 1 |
| Berlin, DE | 1 |
| Görlitz, DE | 1 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Qarshi Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Banyoles, ES | 1 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 1 |
| Québec, CA | 1 |
| Bronx, US | 1 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| PRClocation not on record | 1 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 1 |
43 institutions · 242 of 257 vouchered records shown · 12 without an institution code
09Environmental DNA4 detections
Where the DNA of Sonchus maritimus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found4
Studies independent surveys1
Countries3
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 4 detections have coordinates
Open the map3 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median15.2 °C 6.30–17.3
Seasonal swing summer↔winter22.4 °C
Max temp (day)20.1 °C 9.70–22.2
Min temp (night)9.00 °C 2.20–10.5
Precipitation33.4 mm/mo 30.6–52.7
Air humidity52.9 % 40.7–61.6
Moisture balance-61.7 mm/mo -133–-7.30
Vapour deficit953 Pa 517–1,242
Wind speed2.40 m/s 2.00–4.10
Cloud cover38.3 % 27.5–48.2
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 4 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.