Solanum viarum
Dunal · speciesAt a glance
Sources15 archives
Databases and archives Solanum viarum's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation5 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility30 387 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI10 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics14 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Tree of SexTree of Sex Consortiumgenome & karyotype↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Solanum viarum, the tropical soda apple, is a perennial shrub native to Brazil and Argentina with a prickly stem and prickly leaves. The fruit is golf-ball-sized with the coloration of a watermelon. It is considered an invasive species in the lower eastern coastal states of the United States and recently on the Mid North Coast of Australia.Soda apple a new threat, The Macleay Argus, 19 Oct 2010
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology15
Life cycle & reproduction5
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment11
Physiology & chemistry3
Compounds documented for Solanum viarum across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds20 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1S,2S,3'R,4S,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-3',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,6'-oxane]-3',16-diol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-(2-carboxyacetyl)oxy-5-[(E)-3-[4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarbonyl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxyphenyl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[(E)-3-[4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarbonyl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxyphenyl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-2-[[(1S,2S,4S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-en-16-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1S,2S,4S,5'S,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-4-methoxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5'-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]spiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxolane]-16-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1S,2S,4S,5'S,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-4-methoxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-5'-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]spiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxolane]-16-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(1S,2S,4S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-4-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-en-16-yl]oxy]-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-[(2S,3R,6R)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-[[(1S,2S,4S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S)-6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-en-16-yl]oxy]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3beta,22alpha,25S)-22,25-Epoxyfurost-5-ene-3,26-diol | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Solanum viarum has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Solanum viarum carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 2411×GoaT · Tree of Sex Database · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl +5
n 126×CCDB · iapt · CCDB · solan · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl +1
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type30 387 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions63 of 138 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Bronx, US | 83 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 77 |
| Saint Louis, US | 54 |
| Porto Alegre, BR | 44 |
| Córdoba, AR | 43 |
| Tampa, US | 40 |
| Paleontological Collectionlocation not on record | 31 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 23 |
| Chicago, US | 22 |
| South Kensington, GB | 22 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 18 |
| UFMGlocation not on record | 17 |
| Kew, GB | 17 |
| Brisbane, AU | 15 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 15 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 14 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 14 |
| Jackson, US | 14 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 14 |
| Cenargenlocation not on record | 13 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 12 |
| Brasília, BR | 12 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 11 |
| UnBlocation not on record | 11 |
| UFOPlocation not on record | 10 |
| San Angelo, US | 10 |
| San Isidro, AR | 8 |
| Blumenau, BR | 8 |
| University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record | 8 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 8 |
| Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sullocation not on record | 7 |
| Miami, US | 7 |
| Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologialocation not on record | 6 |
| Columbia, US | 6 |
| Beijing, CN | 5 |
| UNESP-ISlocation not on record | 5 |
| Canberra, AU | 5 |
| Corrientes, AR | 5 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 5 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 5 |
| Centro de Estudios y Colecciones Biológicas para la Conservaciónlocation not on record | 5 |
| South African National Biodiversity Institute, The National Herbariumlocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 4 |
| Yangling, CN | 4 |
| Bangkok, TH | 4 |
| Kunming, CN | 4 |
| FUVATESlocation not on record | 4 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 4 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 4 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 4 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 4 |
| Santarém, BR | 4 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 4 |
| Londrina, BR | 3 |
| UESBlocation not on record | 3 |
| Armidale, AU | 3 |
| Chaguaramas, TT | 3 |
| Tall Timbers Research Stationlocation not on record | 3 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 3 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 3 |
| US | 3 |
| Richmond, US | 3 |
| Universidad Nacional de Asunciónlocation not on record | 3 |
| Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)location not on record | 3 |
| Masindi, UG | 3 |
| Mexico City, MX | 3 |
| Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias do Tropico Umidolocation not on record | 3 |
| Cruz das Almas, BR | 2 |
| San José, CR | 2 |
| Dehra Dun, IN | 2 |
| UNESP-RClocation not on record | 2 |
| UTFPR-SLlocation not on record | 2 |
| Bogotá, D.C., CO | 2 |
| UFSClocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto do Meio Ambientelocation not on record | 2 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Adelaide, AU | 2 |
| PRClocation not on record | 2 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 2 |
| Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeirolocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)location not on record | 2 |
| INMAlocation not on record | 2 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Foz do Iguaçu, BR | 2 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 2 |
| Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chilelocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto para la Investigación y la Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca - INCIVAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratorieslocation not on record | 2 |
| DOI/NPS, Mississippi National River & Recreation Arealocation not on record | 2 |
| Dekalb, US | 2 |
| Cape Town, ZA | 2 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 1 |
| UFRPElocation not on record | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| Nanjing, CN | 1 |
| US | 1 |
| Riverside, US | 1 |
| FUNEDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Elocation not on record | 1 |
| Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa - estación biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missourilocation not on record | 1 |
| Valdosta State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Bloomington, US | 1 |
| University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record | 1 |
| Stockholm, SE | 1 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 1 |
| Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreallocation not on record | 1 |
| Jataí / Setor Industrial, BR | 1 |
| UNITINSlocation not on record | 1 |
| UEMAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Logan, US | 1 |
| Universiti Sains Malaysialocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de los Llanos (UniLlanos)location not on record | 1 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 1 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 1 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 1 |
| FPMZBlocation not on record | 1 |
| USP-IBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ilhéus, BR | 1 |
| Brasília, BR | 1 |
| UDESC-CAVlocation not on record | 1 |
| Odawara, JP | 1 |
| MSB-3054location not on record | 1 |
| Brussel, BE | 1 |
| NLD037location not on record | 1 |
| UNEMATlocation not on record | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Cuiabá, BR | 1 |
| Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldilocation not on record | 1 |
| Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paranálocation not on record | 1 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| La Trobe Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Pelotas, BR | 1 |
| MSB-3349location not on record | 1 |
| Hobart, AU | 1 |
| GAlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFPElocation not on record | 1 |
| UNIVILLElocation not on record | 1 |
| Kensington, AU | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Solanum viarum was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.