Solanum americanum
Mill. · speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records30 947
Data sources17
Biological traits59
DNA specimens46
eDNA detections35
Sources17 archives
Databases and archives Solanum americanum's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation7 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility30 867 records↗
OBISOcean Biodiversity Information System80 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI35 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics46 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
giftgenome & karyotype
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinegenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Tree of SexTree of Sex Consortiumgenome & karyotype↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗On this page7 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements5 literature sources59 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS · NPASS50 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF · OBIS30 947 records
Environmental DNA2 datasets · 8 countries35 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD46 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GIFT · GoaT≈1.1 Gbp
01Narrative
Solanum ptychanthum, the West Indian nightshade or eastern black nightshade, is an annual or occasionally perennial plant in the Solanaceae (Nightshade) family. It is typically 15–60 cm tall and many branched. The leaves of eastern black nightshade are triangular to elliptic. The stems are circular, and sometimes slightly hairy. The flowers are small, white, and star-shaped, and they occur in small umbels of 5-7. The flowers ripen into glossy, black berries, each 10 mm in diameter and containing between 50 and 100 seeds. The ripened fruits have been shown to be not poisonous in low to moderate amounts,Voss, Kenneth A, William J. Chamberlain, and Lucas H. Brennecke. "Subchronic toxicity study of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptychanthum) berries in Sprague-Dawley rats." Journal of Food Safety Vol 13 No. 2, pp. 91-97. however the unripened berries are toxic. The berries are eaten and dispersed by birds.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesTRYAusTraitsLEDAGIFTWCVP
Size & morphology21
Fruit length7.5 mm
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: 7.5 mm · GIFT: 7 mm
Fruit width7.5 mm
Leaf length55 mm
Leaf length max120 mm
Leaf length min30 mm
Leaf width30 mm
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: 30 mm · GIFT: 35 mm
Leaf width max45 mm
Leaf width min10 mm
Petiole length2.5 cm
Plant height1 m
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 1 m · AusTraits: 1.3 m · TRY: 0.65 m
Plant height max2 m
Plant height min0.45 m
Seed length1.25 mm
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: 1.25 mm · GIFT: 2 mm
Seed length max1.5 mm
Seed length min1 mm
Seed mass0.555 mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 0.555 mg · AusTraits: 0.8 mg · LEDA: 0.588 mg · GIFT: 0.859 mg
Seed mass max2.4 mg
Seed mass min0.23 mg
Seed volume0.615 mm³
Seed volume max0.71 mm³
Seed volume min0.52 mm³
Life cycle & reproduction15
Deciduousnessevergreen
⚠ sources differ — TRY: evergreen · GIFT: deciduous
Dehiscenceindehiscent
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colourpurple
Flower length max9 mm
Flower length min3 mm
Flowering timennnnnnnnyyyn
Life formannual or perennial
Life spanperennial|annual
⚠ sources differ — TRY: perennial|annual · AusTraits: short_lived_perennial · GIFT: annual
Pollination modebiotic
Pollination syndromeinsect
Raunkiær life formtherophyte
Reproduction asexualabsent
Resprouting capacityfire_killed
Self fertilizationpresent
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment15
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max3 400 m
Elevation min0 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Fruit fleshinessfleshy
Fruit typeberry
Growth formherb
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · AusTraits: herb shrub · TRY: Herb
Habitat GIFTÁrea Antrópica, Caatinga (stricto sensu), Campo Rupestre, Cerrado (lato sensu), Floresta de Terra Firme, Floresta de Várzea, Floresta Estacional Decidual, Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, Floresta Ombrófila (= Floresta Pluvial), Floresta Ombrófila Mista,
Leaf compoundnesssimple
Leaf shapelanceolate ovate
Mycorrhiza type0.00000000219
Succulenceno
Woodinessnon-woody
⚠ sources differ — TRY: H · AusTraits: herbaceous woody · GIFT: non-woody
Physiology & chemistry6
Leaf C:N ratio23.2 g/g
Leaf c469 mg/g
Leaf n20.2 mg/g
Nitrogen fixingnon_nitrogen_fixer
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Specific leaf area (SLA)26.46 mm²/mg
Other traits1
Shoot orientationerect
03Chemical composition50 compounds
Compounds documented for Solanum americanum across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
🍽 Used in cooking
Compound class profile5 classes
Anthraquinones and anthrones15
Steroidal alkaloids9
Stigmastane steroids4
Spirostane steroids4
Flavones2
Documented compounds50 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aS,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | present | NPASS | |
| (2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[[(1S,2S,7S,10R,11S,14S,15R,16S,17S,20S,23S)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,23.017,22]tetracos-4-en-7-yl]oxy]-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-2-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6S,6'R,7S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-8-hydroxy-6'-methoxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(9S,13R,16S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-piperidine]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6S,6'R,7S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-8-hydroxy-6'-methoxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6S,6'R,7S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-6',8-dihydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-ene-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(1R,2S,4S,6S,7S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-6,8-dihydroxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-18-en-16-yl]oxy]-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-2-(Methoxymethyl)Anthracene-9,10-Dione | present | NPASS | |
| 1,3,5-Trihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carbaldehyde | present | NPASS | |
| 1-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione | present | NPASS |
05DNA & barcoding46 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Solanum americanum has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens46
Marker genes6
eDNA detections35
Countries8
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS★ITS2trnH-psbA
plant barcodefungal barcodemarker
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GIFT · GoaT · TreeOfSex
The complete instruction manual Solanum americanum carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size≈1 080 160 078 bp assembly estimate
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
THIS GENOME Solanum americanum1.08 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 24 n = 12
Ploidy2× diploid · measured
Chromosome records12–722n range24median24mode30records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 2421×GoaT · Tree of Sex Database · CCDB · new-zealand · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl +9
GoaT · Tree of Sex Database — ↗
CCDB · new-zealand
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Bhiravamurty, P. V. & P. Rethy. 1983. Taximetric studies of the Solanum nigrum L. complex. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., B 49: 661–666.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Ganapathi, A. & G. R. Rao. 1987. Crossability barriers in species of the Solanum nigrum L. complex. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 74(3,VI): 176.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Badr, A., S. F. Khalifa, A. I. Aboel-Atta & M. M. Abou-El-Enain. 1997. Chromosomal criteria and taxonomic relationships in the Solanaceae. Cytologia 62: 103–113.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Pinto-Magiio, C. A. F., N. L. Pierozzi, S. C. P. Castro & M. D. Soares-Scott. 1997. IOPB chromosome data 11. Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 23–24.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sengupta, K., A. Pal & A. K. Datta. 1999. Environmental stress induced desynapsis in Capsicum annuum L. and in Solanum americanum Mill. J. Natl. Bot. Soc. 53(1&2): 39–43.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Yang, Y. n., H. y. Zhang & G. y. Wu. 1994. The cytological analyses and studies of geographic distribution in Solanum nigrum complex of China. Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 14(2): 208–213.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Xu, X. f. 2004. Studies on chromosome of three types of Solanum nigrum in China. Guihaia 24(6): 544–545.
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — VENKATESWARLU, J . & M.K. RAO. 1972. Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 37: 317-326.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Crompton & Bassett 1976
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Tandon & Rao 1974
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Heiser, C.B. & Whitaker, T.W. 1948 ; Westergaard, M. 1948 ; Stebbins, G.L. & Paddock, E.P. 1949 ; Mulligan, G.A. 196la ; Venkateswarlu, J. & Bhirava- murty, P.V. 1962 ; Roe, K.E. 1967b; Venkateswarlu, J. & Rao, M.K. 1967, 1969, 1972 ; Rao, G.R. et al. 1971 ; Khan, A.H. et al. 1972, 1978 ; Rao, M.K. 1972 ; Khan, R. et al. 1975 (1978); Khan, A.H. & Rao, G.R. 1977 ; Rao, G.R., Khan A.H. & Khan, R. 1978
CCDB · book-fedorov — Stebbins, Paddock 1949
CCDB · book-fedorov — Mulligan 1961a
CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants — Westergaard 1948
CCDB · kew — Bennett MD, Smith JB. 1991. Nuclear DNA amounts in angiosperms. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 334: 309-345.
CCDB · Cave1956supp — Stebbins & Padd. 1949
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
2n 483×CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · book-fedorov · CCDB · iapt
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Khan, A.H. et al. 1978
CCDB · book-fedorov — LOve A. 1954b
CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 25
2n 723×CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · iapt
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Baylis, G.T.S. 1958 ; Zbukova, P.G. 1967b ; Gerasimenko, I.I. & Reznikova, S.A. 1968
CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 20
CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 23
2n 362×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · TreeOfSex · plant
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Singh, R. N., A. N. Sahi & S. K. Roy. 1988. Solanum nigrum complex: occurrence of triploidy in nature. Sci. & Cult. 54: 227–228.
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
2n 121×GIFT · GIFT (floras)
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
n 1223×CCDB · solan · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · TreeOfSex · plant
CCDB · solan
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Ganapathi, A. & G. R. Rao. 1982. Interrelationships between tetraploid Solanum nigrum L. and Solanum americanum Mill. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 69(3–VI): 224.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Ganapathi, A. & G. R. Rao. 1987. Cytogenetic relationship between Solanum scabrum Mill. and S. americanum Mill. Cytologia 52: 91–96.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Rao, G. R. & O. A. Kumar. 1983b. Interrelationships among diploid species of the Solanum nigrum L. complex. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 62: 25–31.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Beg, M. Z., A. H. Khan & M. Ahmad. 1989. Morphological diversification and genetic isolating mechanism between some members of Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 54: 419–424.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — RAO, G. R. & A. Ganapathi. 1980. Speciation in Solanum nigrum L. complex. New Bot. 7: 11–13.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Siddiqui, N. H. 1980. Cytology of a spontaneous autotriploid in Solanum nigrum L. complex. Sci. & Cult. 46: 143–144.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Siddiqui, N. H. 1981. A double trisomy in Solanum nigrum L. complex. Sci. & Cult. 47: 334–335.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — WEEDIN, J. F. & A. M. POWELL. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 716–718.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Aminuddin, A. H. K. & M. Z. Beg. 1985. Inter-relationship between Indian tetraploid Solanum nigrum and Solanum nodiflorum ssp. nutans of Solanum nigrum complex. Acta Bot. Indica 13: 84–89.
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979|schilling1981|edmonds1984|jepson1993|darcy1974|xianghui2011 ↗
TreeOfSex · plant — lemke1991|schilling1981|edmonds1984 ↗
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
n 62×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Rao, C. R., N. H. Siddiqui & R. Khan. 1980. Mechanism of speciation in the Solanum nigrum complex. Indian J. Genet. Pl. Breed. 40: 67–72.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Bhiravamurty, P. V. 1978. Morphology of the pachytene chromosomes of Solanum americanum. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 65:92.
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid1×GIFT · GIFT (floras)
GIFT · GIFT (floras)
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Assembly levelChromosome
Completeness0.9% BUSCO
07Deep time~6.01 Ma lineage
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
DNA clock origin6.01 Ma TimeTree
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
DNA clock origin
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type30 947 records
Wild obs. + sensor16 930
Museum / vouchered12 287
Cultivated / captive28
Other1 702
Origin
Native1 389
Introduced1 042
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO71 052 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy84% within 1 km
≤100 m 9 730≤1 km 1 302≤10 km 1 118>10 km 973
13 123 georeferenced · 3 807 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor16 930
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy65% within 1 km
≤100 m 1 652≤1 km 751≤10 km 1 034>10 km 248
3 685 georeferenced · 8 602 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence12 287
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy0% within 1 km
≤10 km 2
2 georeferenced · 26 without coordinates
Open the mapnot free-living28
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions238 of 502 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Saint Louis, US | 793 |
| Bronx, US | 771 |
| Durango, MX | 584 |
| Brisbane, AU | 385 |
| Mexico City, MX | 320 |
| Chicago, US | 250 |
| Kew, GB | 231 |
| South Kensington, GB | 222 |
| San Diego, US | 222 |
| Jardín Botánico de Bogotá José Celestino Mutis (JBB)location not on record | 219 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 216 |
| Kunming, CN | 188 |
| Chiba, JP | 161 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 157 |
| Tampa, US | 148 |
| Porto Alegre, BR | 141 |
| Riverside, US | 141 |
| Odawara, JP | 133 |
| Claremont, US | 130 |
| Canberra, AU | 125 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 122 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 119 |
| Auckland, NZ | 118 |
| Córdoba, AR | 114 |
| Tapachula, MX | 103 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 101 |
| Blumenau, BR | 97 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 91 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 85 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 81 |
| Puerto Ayora, EC | 80 |
| Adelaide, AU | 77 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 75 |
| Austin, US | 73 |
| Miami, US | 70 |
| Paris, FR | 70 |
| UNIVASFlocation not on record | 67 |
| Mérida, MX | 63 |
| UFMGlocation not on record | 62 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 59 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 59 |
| Sanda, JP | 55 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 54 |
| Pullman, US | 54 |
| TAIElocation not on record | 53 |
| Tuxtla Gutiérrez, MX | 51 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 49 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 48 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 48 |
| Departamento de Sistematica e Ecologialocation not on record | 48 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 47 |
| Philadelphia, US | 47 |
| Kochi, JP | 46 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 45 |
| Kensington, AU | 43 |
| Paleontological Collectionlocation not on record | 42 |
| La Paz, BO | 41 |
| Centro de Estudios y Colecciones Biológicas para la Conservaciónlocation not on record | 40 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 38 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 38 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 38 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 35 |
| Smithfield, AU | 34 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 34 |
| Nishihara, JP | 33 |
| Anchorage, US | 33 |
| Davis, US | 33 |
| National Museum of Natural Sciencelocation not on record | 33 |
| Corvallis, US | 32 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 32 |
| Chapingo, MX | 32 |
| Museo naturalistico del Frignano Ferruccio Minghellilocation not on record | 32 |
| Williamsburg, US | 32 |
| Masindi, UG | 32 |
| Chaguaramas, TT | 31 |
| UnBlocation not on record | 30 |
| Honolulu, US | 29 |
| Bloomington, US | 29 |
| UNESClocation not on record | 27 |
| Stockholm, SE | 27 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 27 |
| MAlocation not on record | 26 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 26 |
| Instituto do Meio Ambientelocation not on record | 26 |
| Tuxtla Gutiérrez, MX | 26 |
| FAUSAClocation not on record | 25 |
| Bando, JP | 25 |
| San Isidro, AR | 25 |
| Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)location not on record | 25 |
| Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record | 24 |
| UNESP-FCAlocation not on record | 24 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 24 |
| Bangkok, TH | 24 |
| Loja, EC | 24 |
| University of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 24 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 24 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 23 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 23 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 23 |
| Yangling, CN | 22 |
| University of Wisconsinlocation not on record | 22 |
| Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabascolocation not on record | 21 |
| Criciúma, BR | 21 |
| Universidad Nacional de Asunciónlocation not on record | 21 |
| Madison, US | 21 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 21 |
| Cenargenlocation not on record | 21 |
| Jackson, US | 21 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 20 |
| CEPLAClocation not on record | 20 |
| Brussel, BE | 20 |
| Xiamen, CN | 20 |
| NSMKlocation not on record | 20 |
| Flagstaff, US | 20 |
| Brasília, BR | 20 |
| León, NI | 20 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 20 |
| Guatemala, GT | 20 |
| Sociedad para el Estudio de los Recursos Bióticos de Oaxaca, A. C.location not on record | 20 |
| Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldilocation not on record | 20 |
| Feira de Santana, BR | 19 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 19 |
| Palmerston, AU | 18 |
| Guasave, MX | 18 |
| Taipei, TW | 18 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 18 |
| Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)location not on record | 18 |
| WAGlocation not on record | 18 |
| EL PASO, US | 18 |
| Phoenix, US | 18 |
| Nagano City, JP | 18 |
| Beijing, CN | 17 |
| Olocation not on record | 17 |
| INTAlocation not on record | 17 |
| Culiacán, MX | 17 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 16 |
| INMAlocation not on record | 16 |
| US | 16 |
| Valdosta State Universitylocation not on record | 16 |
| Nishihara, JP | 16 |
| Berlin, DE | 15 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 15 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 15 |
| FUVATESlocation not on record | 15 |
| Tokushima, JP | 15 |
| UFPElocation not on record | 15 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 15 |
| UFPRlocation not on record | 15 |
| Arcata, US | 15 |
| Durham, US | 14 |
| Brasília, BR | 14 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 14 |
| Elocation not on record | 14 |
| UFOPlocation not on record | 14 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 14 |
| Londrina, BR | 14 |
| Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paranálocation not on record | 14 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 14 |
| Tlalnepantla, MX | 13 |
| Puebla, MX | 13 |
| CASlocation not on record | 13 |
| Fort Worth, US | 13 |
| Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS)location not on record | 13 |
| IPA/SPlocation not on record | 13 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 13 |
| Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sullocation not on record | 12 |
| Aarhus, DK | 12 |
| Corrientes, AR | 12 |
| Armidale, AU | 12 |
| Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)location not on record | 12 |
| UNESP-ISlocation not on record | 12 |
| Universidade Federal do Maranhãolocation not on record | 12 |
| KURAlocation not on record | 12 |
| La Paz, MX | 12 |
| HNBlocation not on record | 12 |
| Foz do Iguaçu, BR | 12 |
| Autlán de Navarro, MX | 12 |
| UFERSAlocation not on record | 12 |
| Universiti Sains Malaysialocation not on record | 12 |
| Irvine, US | 12 |
| Plocation not on record | 12 |
| UFRPElocation not on record | 12 |
| Los Angeles, US | 12 |
| Embrapa Agrobiology Diazothrophic Microbial Culture Collectionlocation not on record | 11 |
| Guilin, CN | 11 |
| Cusco, PE | 11 |
| Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza (PBZT)location not on record | 11 |
| Uberlândia, BR | 11 |
| Salvador, BR | 11 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 11 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 11 |
| GAlocation not on record | 11 |
| Mexico City, MX | 11 |
| USP-IBlocation not on record | 11 |
| UTPLlocation not on record | 11 |
| Sendai, JP | 11 |
| Spearfish, US | 10 |
| Mérida, MX | 10 |
| US | 10 |
| Vancouver, CA | 10 |
| Ilhéus, BR | 10 |
| Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Moreloslocation not on record | 9 |
| UFESlocation not on record | 9 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 9 |
| Federal University of Espírito Santolocation not on record | 9 |
| Universidade Federal do Ceara, Departamento de Biologialocation not on record | 9 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 9 |
| MEXUlocation not on record | 9 |
| Kyoto Universitylocation not on record | 9 |
| Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHIlocation not on record | 9 |
| Dekalb, US | 9 |
| UFSClocation not on record | 9 |
| Arequipa, PE | 9 |
| Lake Charles, US | 9 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 9 |
| HUT Culture Collectionlocation not on record | 9 |
| Cascavel, BR | 9 |
| DOI/NPS, Greenbelt Parklocation not on record | 9 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 8 |
| Columbia, US | 8 |
| UFRRJlocation not on record | 8 |
| Herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Tokyolocation not on record | 8 |
| Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Nortelocation not on record | 8 |
| KR | 8 |
| Nagatoro-machi, Chichibu-gun, JP | 8 |
| San José, CR | 7 |
| Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária, IPAlocation not on record | 7 |
| Wlocation not on record | 7 |
| Provo, US | 7 |
| Burlington, US | 7 |
| UTFPR-SLlocation not on record | 7 |
| Seropédica, BR | 7 |
| CPATSAlocation not on record | 7 |
| UESBlocation not on record | 7 |
| LBVlocation not on record | 7 |
| Durban, ZA | 7 |
| Baroda, IN | 6 |
| UNESP-IBILCElocation not on record | 6 |
| Iquitos, PE | 6 |
| QCNElocation not on record | 6 |
| Jataí / Setor Industrial, BR | 6 |
| Pelotas, BR | 6 |
| Cochabamba, BO | 6 |
| Albuquerque, US | 6 |
| FUNEDlocation not on record | 6 |
| Logan, US | 6 |
| Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Scienceslocation not on record | 6 |
| San Francisco de Campeche, MX | 6 |
| Universidade Federal de Santa Catarinalocation not on record | 6 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 5 |
| Fredericksburg, US | 5 |
| DOI/NPS, Mississippi National River & Recreation Arealocation not on record | 5 |
| Kagoshima, JP | 5 |
| Sagamihara, JP | 5 |
| Taipei, TW | 5 |
| Cambridge, US | 5 |
| Toyama, JP | 5 |
| Lima, PE | 5 |
| Denver, US | 5 |
| Podgorica, ME | 5 |
| Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeirolocation not on record | 5 |
| UTFPR-DVlocation not on record | 5 |
| Hobart, AU | 5 |
| Museum Of Natural And Environmental History, Shizuokalocation not on record | 5 |
| Göteborg, SE | 5 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 5 |
| UNESP-RClocation not on record | 5 |
| HUAlocation not on record | 5 |
| Wollongong, AU | 5 |
| Austin, US | 5 |
| Instituto para la Investigación y la Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca - INCIVAlocation not on record | 5 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 5 |
| Institut fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologielocation not on record | 5 |
| UNEMATlocation not on record | 5 |
| Pittsburg, US | 5 |
| BMlocation not on record | 5 |
| China Agricultural Universitylocation not on record | 5 |
| Montréal, CA | 4 |
| Universidade Federal do Espírito Santolocation not on record | 4 |
| Brussels, BE | 4 |
| Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paranálocation not on record | 4 |
| ESALQlocation not on record | 4 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 4 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 4 |
| IEBlocation not on record | 4 |
| Dresden, DE | 4 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 4 |
| Quito, EC | 4 |
| Clemson, US | 4 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 4 |
| UNIVILLElocation not on record | 4 |
| Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDistrital)location not on record | 4 |
| LSF/FSA/UAClocation not on record | 4 |
| Tall Timbers Research Stationlocation not on record | 4 |
| Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBBJCM)location not on record | 4 |
| Fukushima Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Wellington, NZ | 4 |
| Université du Lomélocation not on record | 4 |
| Kawasaki Shi Tama Ku, JP | 4 |
| Herbier National du Gabonlocation not on record | 4 |
| Cruz das Almas, BR | 4 |
| Universidade da Região de Joinville - Univillelocation not on record | 4 |
| Santarém, BR | 4 |
| Ensenada, MX | 4 |
| Toyota city nature sanctuarylocation not on record | 4 |
| Corporación Autónoma Regional Para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB)location not on record | 4 |
| Zacatecas, MX | 4 |
| Keene State Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Philadelphia, US | 4 |
| Leiden University Medical Centerlocation not on record | 4 |
| UFABClocation not on record | 4 |
| UFSJlocation not on record | 3 |
| LDlocation not on record | 3 |
| UDESC-CAVlocation not on record | 3 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 3 |
| Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxicolocation not on record | 3 |
| OTSlocation not on record | 3 |
| Jishou Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 3 |
| UNISANTAlocation not on record | 3 |
| UEMAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Université National du Béninlocation not on record | 3 |
| HUENFlocation not on record | 3 |
| Jardín Botánico de Cartagena "Guillermo Piñeres" (JBC)location not on record | 3 |
| Calabar, NG | 3 |
| UNITINSlocation not on record | 3 |
| San Jose, US | 3 |
| UNESP, Campus São José Rio Prêtolocation not on record | 3 |
| Glocation not on record | 3 |
| Boise, US | 3 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 3 |
| Montecillo, Texcoco, MX | 3 |
| San Angelo, US | 3 |
| Portland, US | 3 |
| Norfolk, US | 3 |
| Bogotá, D.C., CO | 3 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 3 |
| Badajoz, ES | 3 |
| Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias do Tropico Umidolocation not on record | 3 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 2 |
| Washington, US | 2 |
| Cincinnati, US | 2 |
| Ciudad de México, MX | 2 |
| Nanjing, CN | 2 |
| James Cook Townsvillelocation not on record | 2 |
| Northridge, US | 2 |
| Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarinlocation not on record | 2 |
| Taipei, TW | 2 |
| Hiratsuka City Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Sociedad Para el Estudio de los Recursos Bioticos de Oaxacalocation not on record | 2 |
| Tomioka, JP | 2 |
| Millersville, US | 2 |
| HACAMlocation not on record | 2 |
| CNF-UFHBlocation not on record | 2 |
| Hermosillo, MX | 2 |
| Knoxville, US | 2 |
| UERJlocation not on record | 2 |
| The University of Arizonalocation not on record | 2 |
| Pocatello, US | 2 |
| Montréal, CA | 2 |
| Yaoundé, CM | 2 |
| New Brunswick, US | 2 |
| Haramaya Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Mexico City, MX | 2 |
| Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Región Xalapalocation not on record | 2 |
| Mexico City, MX | 2 |
| Maringá, BR | 2 |
| Cuiabá, BR | 2 |
| Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó (UTCH)location not on record | 2 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| PHlocation not on record | 2 |
| Long Beach, US | 2 |
| South African National Biodiversity Institute, The National Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| GB | 2 |
| Universidade Federal de Juiz de Foralocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| Ural Federal University "B. N. Yeltsin"location not on record | 2 |
| IAPlocation not on record | 2 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record | 2 |
| Cambridge University Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| DNSMlocation not on record | 2 |
| Toluca, MX | 2 |
| College Park, US | 2 |
| Hanshan Normal Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Iwate Prefectural Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| arosemena tola, EC | 2 |
| Limbe Botanical & Zoological Gardenslocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad del Valle (UV)location not on record | 2 |
| Batemans Bay, AU | 2 |
| Dublin, IE | 2 |
| GNWPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Parthenon Tama History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Linares, MX | 1 |
| Kingston, US | 1 |
| Herbario Universidad de Concepciónlocation not on record | 1 |
| Seychelles National Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Whitehorse, CA | 1 |
| Meguro Parasitological Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tartu, EE | 1 |
| Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Scienceslocation not on record | 1 |
| Stephenville, US | 1 |
| CPPSULlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 1 |
| URCAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Córdoba (UC)location not on record | 1 |
| Castelar, AR | 1 |
| Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chilelocation not on record | 1 |
| LSFlocation not on record | 1 |
| Mount Pleasant, US | 1 |
| Brookings, US | 1 |
| Whitewater, US | 1 |
| Mexico City, MX | 1 |
| Uppsala, SE | 1 |
| Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanallocation not on record | 1 |
| Victoria, CA | 1 |
| Alcaldía Municipal de Garzón en Huilalocation not on record | 1 |
| Collections de la Faculte des Sciences de Lyonlocation not on record | 1 |
| HEMlocation not on record | 1 |
| M-VascularPlantslocation not on record | 1 |
| MX | 1 |
| Akita Prefectural Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| J.F.Oberlin Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| James F. Matthews Center for Biodiversity Studieslocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC)location not on record | 1 |
| CMULlocation not on record | 1 |
| McGill University, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNESP-FCAVlocation not on record | 1 |
| Columbus State University Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Oulu, FI | 1 |
| Universite de Montreal, L'Herbier Marie-Victorinlocation not on record | 1 |
| San Francisco, US | 1 |
| Korea National Arboretumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Barboza, G. (IMBIG), 2000.location not on record | 1 |
| Xian, CN | 1 |
| San Juan College School of Science Math & Engineeringlocation not on record | 1 |
| COLlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFVJMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Civico Museo di Scienze naturali Giuseppe Orlandilocation not on record | 1 |
| Fortaleza, BR | 1 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 1 |
| Area de Conservacion Guanacastelocation not on record | 1 |
| Trondheim, NO | 1 |
| Toronto, CA | 1 |
| IECOSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Cenit Transporte y Logística de Hidrocarburos S.A.S. (CENIT)location not on record | 1 |
| Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitárialocation not on record | 1 |
| WINlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de los Llanos (UniLlanos)location not on record | 1 |
| San Bernardino, US | 1 |
| Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée (IRAG)location not on record | 1 |
| REALlocation not on record | 1 |
| Morelia, MX | 1 |
| Universidade de São Paulolocation not on record | 1 |
| Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipaslocation not on record | 1 |
| UNICAPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chadron, US | 1 |
| JP | 1 |
| Anton de Kom University of Surinamelocation not on record | 1 |
| Mohonk Preservelocation not on record | 1 |
| Moscow, US | 1 |
| Ulocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarinalocation not on record | 1 |
| LGlocation not on record | 1 |
| San Diego Natural History Museum, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Banyoles, ES | 1 |
| Servico de Microbiologia e Imunologialocation not on record | 1 |
| Santiago de Cali, CO | 1 |
| Herbario MAT de la Universidad Politécnica Estatal del Carchilocation not on record | 1 |
| New Haven, US | 1 |
| Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukubalocation not on record | 1 |
| Grand Junction, US | 1 |
| UFSMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Fargo, US | 1 |
| University of Johannesburglocation not on record | 1 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 1 |
| Addis Ababa, ET | 1 |
| University of Hamburglocation not on record | 1 |
| Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa - estación biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missourilocation not on record | 1 |
| Universität Göttingenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de El Salvadorlocation not on record | 1 |
| Durango, US | 1 |
| Villa de Etla, MX | 1 |
| Centre National de Floristique - Université Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNYlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de la Amazonia (UniAmazonia)location not on record | 1 |
| UFAClocation not on record | 1 |
| Arizona State University Biocollectionslocation not on record | 1 |
| Gump Stationlocation not on record | 1 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record | 1 |
| Minister of Sustainable Development, Climate Change & Solid Waste Managementlocation not on record | 1 |
| Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-UPF)location not on record | 1 |
| Njala Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Guayaquillocation not on record | 1 |
| Station d'Ecologie de Lamtolocation not on record | 1 |
| Centre National des Semences Forestièreslocation not on record | 1 |
| USFSlocation not on record | 1 |
| La Trobe Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Texas Lutheran Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| FPMZBlocation not on record | 1 |
502 institutions · 11 798 of 12 287 vouchered records shown · 406 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA35 detections
Where the DNA of Solanum americanum was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found35
Studies independent surveys2
Countries8
Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 35 detections have coordinates
Open the map8 countries0
Savanna grasslandCanyon
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median19.9 °C 10.0–24.3
Seasonal swing summer↔winter15.0 °C
Max temp (day)25.5 °C 15.3–27.7
Min temp (night)15.8 °C 8.00–21.3
Precipitation79.4 mm/mo 9.80–167
Air humidity58.7 % 50.3–63.8
Moisture balance-3.10 mm/mo -124–69.8
Vapour deficit1,007 Pa 550–1,204
Wind speed3.30 m/s 2.00–4.70
Cloud cover37.9 % 14.3–49.9
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 23 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.