Size & morphology5
Leaf size430 mm²
Plant height0.3 m
Seed mass3.17 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 3.17 mg · GIFT: 2.99 mg
Seed mass max3.23 mg
Seed mass min3.19 mg
Life cycle & reproduction25
Bloom periodEarly Summer
Coppice potentialYes
Deciduousnessdeciduous
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colourred
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDARapid
Life formshrub
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsYes
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityYes
Seed spread rateRapid
Seedling vigorHigh
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerDense
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formshrub
Growth form USDAMultiple Stem
Hedge toleranceHigh
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min12 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry21
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min120 days
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)392 mg/g
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max35 in
Precipitation min10 in
Protein potentialMedium
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceMedium
Soil pH max8 pH
Soil pH min7 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)19.82 mm²/mg
Temperature min-3 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productYes
Palatable browse animalMedium
Palatable graze animalMedium
Palatable humanYes
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound163 798 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousYes
Fruit seed abundanceHigh
Fruit seed conspicuousYes
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Height at 20yr0.305 m
Planting density max1 200 per acre
Planting density min600 per acre