Rhizina undulata, commonly known as the doughnut fungus or the pine firefungus, is a species of fungus in the family Rhizinaceae. The fruit bodies of the fungus are dark purple brown with a bright yellow margin, crust-like and attached to the growing surface by numerous root-like yellow rhizoids. R. undulata has a cosmopolitan distribution, and commonly occurs on clearings or burned areas throughout central and northern Europe, North America, northern Asia, and southern Africa. It is parasitic on conifer seedlings, and has caused considerable damage to tree plantations worldwide.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Rhizina undulata has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens7
Marker genes3
GenBank sequences10
eDNA detections12
Countries4
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★ITS10★ITS1★ITS2
fungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceGoaT · NCBI
The complete instruction manualRhizina undulata carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size50 510 000 bp
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
THIS GENOME Rhizina undulata0.05 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Assembly levelScaffold
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type2 794 records
Wild obs. + sensor2 142
Museum / vouchered636
Other16
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO6 456 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy50% within 1 km
≤100 m 712≤1 km 271≤10 km 961>10 km 28
1 972 georeferenced · 170 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor2 142
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy46% within 1 km
≤100 m 54≤1 km 128≤10 km 174>10 km 40
396 georeferenced · 240 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence636
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions41 of 82 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
Helsinki, FI
81
Olocation not on record
49
Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Researchlocation not on record
48
Tartu, EE
42
Uppsala, SE
29
Copenhagen, DK
19
Berlin, DE
14
SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record
14
Catholic University of Pekinglocation not on record
12
WU-MYClocation not on record
11
Karlsruhe, DE
10
TENN-Flocation not on record
9
Kew, GB
8
Görlitz, DE
8
Trondheim, NO
8
Tomioka, JP
8
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record
8
nsnflocation not on record
7
Joensuu, FI
7
Chicago, US
6
Université de Montréal Biodiversity Centrelocation not on record
6
ILLSlocation not on record
6
Vancouver, CA
6
LDlocation not on record
6
Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record
5
Denver, US
5
FAMCALlocation not on record
4
National Museum of Natural Sciencelocation not on record
4
Philadelphia, US
4
Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record
4
MeiseBGlocation not on record
4
WTUlocation not on record
3
Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record
3
Göteborg, SE
3
Zürich, CH
3
Ann Arbor, US
3
Kuopio, FI
3
Madison, US
3
Turku, FI
3
CA
3
BDBClocation not on record
3
TROMlocation not on record
3
TUR-Alocation not on record
2
San Sebastián, ES
2
Stockholm, SE
2
FLASlocation not on record
2
Osaka, JP
2
Acadia Universitylocation not on record
2
Tilburg, NL
2
PHlocation not on record
2
Vitoria, ES
2
IFR-DNFlocation not on record
2
Jyväskylä, FI
2
Kathmandu, NP
2
Bronx, US
2
Chapel Hill, US
2
Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan Universitylocation not on record
2
Bardejov, SK
2
Fort Hayslocation not on record
1
KNAMlocation not on record
1
Burlington, US
1
Warsaw, PL
1
Nagatoro-machi, Chichibu-gun, JP
1
Davis and Elkins Collegelocation not on record
1
Salzburg, AT
1
National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record
1
Gijón, ES
1
Metsähallituslocation not on record
1
Champaign, US
1
Oulu, FI
1
Auckland, NZ
1
University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record
1
Brown Universitylocation not on record
1
Mlocation not on record
1
GJOlocation not on record
1
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record
1
Chiba, JP
1
JA-CAGPDS-CAMlocation not on record
1
Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratorieslocation not on record
1
CJBGlocation not on record
1
Uniwersytet Łódzkilocation not on record
1
Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record
1
82 institutions · 541 of 636 vouchered records shown · 93 without an institution code
09Environmental DNA12 detections
Where the DNA of Rhizina undulata was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found12
Studies independent surveys3
Countries4
Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 12 detections have coordinates
Open the map4 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median10.9 °C 5.40–15.9
Seasonal swing summer↔winter23.7 °C
Max temp (day)14.2 °C 9.20–20.3
Min temp (night)7.40 °C 3.00–11.7
Precipitation82.4 mm/mo 61.3–107
Air humidity59.7 % 57.6–65.3
Moisture balance-17.7 mm/mo -74.2–68.9
Vapour deficit460 Pa 325–736
Wind speed3.10 m/s 2.10–5.40
Cloud cover47.7 % 32.5–54.6
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 9 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation9 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 794 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI12 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics7 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
Catalogue of LifeCOLtaxonomy↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗