Size & morphology1
Plant height1.19 m
Life cycle & reproduction21
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodSpring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourred
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateRapid
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Habitat & environment20
Active growth periodSummer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourblack
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Growth form detailedherb
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min14 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry19
Anaerobic toleranceMedium
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceMedium
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min95 days
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max60 in
Precipitation min12 in
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8.5 pH
Soil pH min4 pH
Temperature min32 °F
Uses & economy14
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound126 111 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo