Life cycle & reproduction21
Bloom periodIndeterminate
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourgreen
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDASlow
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateModerate
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Habitat & environment18
Active growth periodSummer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsNo
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Foliage colorDark Green
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureFine
Fruit colourgreen
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min10 in
Shape and orientationDecumbent
Small grainNo
Physiology & chemistry17
Anaerobic toleranceHigh
Caco3 toleranceHigh
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceLow
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min95 days
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max50 in
Precipitation min12 in
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8.8 pH
Soil pH min4.5 pH
Temperature min32 °F
Uses & economy14
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound612 963 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo