Polygaloides chamaebuxus

(L.) O.Schwarz · species

image placeholder — illustration coming later

Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Fabales/Polygalaceae/Polygaloides

At a glance

Occurrence records9 574

Data sources9

Biological traits32

DNA specimens0

eDNA detections218

Sources9 archives

Databases and archives Polygaloides chamaebuxus's data was compiled from.

WikipediaWikimedia Foundation7 languages↗

BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗

GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility9 574 records↗

ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI218 eDNA detections↗

LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗

Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗

CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗

PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype

GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗

On this page6 sections

Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.

NarrativeWikipediaarticle

Traits & measurements3 literature sources32 traits

Chemical compositionLOTUS9 compounds

Occurrence & distributionGBIF9 574 records

Environmental DNA2 datasets · 4 countries218 detections

Genome at a glanceCCDB2n = 38

01Narrative

Polygaloides chamaebuxus, synonym Polygala chamaebuxus, the shrubby milkwort, is an ornamental plant in the family Polygalaceae. Its flowers are solitary or in pairs in the leaf axils. The inner two sepals, the wings, are upright and white to yellow, sometimes pinkish or purple. The keel petals are bright yellow, aging to brownish-red or purple. It is native to the Alps and the mountains of west-central Europe. It was known to be grown in cultivation in about 1658 and was illustrated by Carolus Clusius. It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Several cultivars are also cultivated for garden use, including 'Grandiflora', whose flowers are purple-red and yellow. The plants are hardy, forming low-lying clumps up to 6 in high and 20 in in diameter. They may be propagated from softwood cuttings taken in early in the growing season. Some varieties grow best in ericaceous conditions. A pot of the commercially sold cultivar 'Grandiflora'

No narrative description available for this taxon yet.

02Traits & measurements

SourcesGIFTLEDATRY

Size & morphology8

Plant height0.15 m

⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.15 m · LEDA: 0.15 m · TRY: 0.055 m

Plant height generative0.125 m

Plant height max0.15 m

Plant height min0.05 m

Seed length5 mm

Seed mass7.6 mg

⚠ sources differ — TRY: 7.6 mg · LEDA: 11.2 mg · GIFT: 8.5 mg

Seed mass max7.6 mg

Seed mass min7.6 mg

Life cycle & reproduction10

DeciduousnessY

⚠ sources differ — TRY: Y · GIFT: evergreen

Dispersal typeanimal

⚠ sources differ — LEDA: dysochor · GIFT: anemochorous

Flowering endJun

Flowering startFeb

Life spanwoody

⚠ sources differ — TRY: woody · GIFT: perennial

Lifespan years17.5 years

Pollination modebiotic

Pollination syndromeinsect

Raunkiær life formchamaephyte

Self fertilizationabsent

Diet & foraging1

Parasiteindependent

Habitat & environment5

Climberself-supporting

Epiphyteterrestrial

Growth formshrub (sub-)

Mycorrhiza type0.000000000332

Woodinesswoody

Physiology & chemistry7

Leaf C:N ratio37.43 g/g

Leaf c517 mg/g

Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)231 mg/g

Leaf n14.43 mg/g

Photosynthetic pathwayC3

Seed longevity index0

Specific leaf area (SLA)16.81 mm²/mg

⚠ sources differ — TRY: 16.81 mm²/mg · LEDA: 18.39 mm²/mg · GIFT: 18.39 mm²/mg

Other traits1

Diaspore typeseed

03Chemical composition9 compounds

Compounds documented for Polygaloides chamaebuxus across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").

Compound class profile4 classes

Oleanane triterpenoids3

Cinnamic acids and derivatives3

Flavonols1

Menthane monoterpenoids1

Documented compounds9 total

Tissue Source Quantified only

Compound	Amount	Source
(2R,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-6a,9-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,6b,9,12a-tetramethyl-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	present	LOTUS
[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (2R,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-2,6a,9-tris(hydroxymethyl)-2,6b,9,12a-tetramethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	present	LOTUS
[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-4-hydroxy-2-[[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxymethyl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxolan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	present	LOTUS
[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-4-hydroxy-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	present	LOTUS
Coniferin	present	LOTUS
Quercetin 3-rutinoside	present	LOTUS
Syringin	present	LOTUS
Tenuifolin	present	LOTUS
\|A-D-Glucopyranoside, 1-O-acetyl-3-O-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-\|A-D-fructofuranosyl	present	LOTUS

05DNA & barcoding218 eDNA hits

A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Polygaloides chamaebuxus has left across the world's sequence archives.

At a glance

eDNA detections218

Countries4

06Genome at a glanceCCDB

The complete instruction manual Polygaloides chamaebuxus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.

Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged

2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.

Chromosomes2n = 38 n = 19

Ploidydiploid inferred

Chromosome records38–382n range38median38mode2records

Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references

2n 382×CCDB · fl-europaea · CCDB · book-fedorov

CCDB · fl-europaea — Mattick, 1950

CCDB · book-fedorov — Mattick (T. 1950)

Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources

diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale

PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=0.608 ↗

07Deep time~11.1 Ma lineage

How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.

At a glance

DNA clock origin11.1 Ma TimeTree

When this lineage existed

How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.

DNA clock origin

08Occurrence & distribution

Record type9 574 records

Wild obs. + sensor9 492

Museum / vouchered82

Range

Area of Occupancy AOO17 280 km²

Wildobservation + sensor

Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.

Coordinate accuracy74% within 1 km

≤100 m 4 725≤1 km 818≤10 km 1 868>10 km 100

7 511 georeferenced · 1 981 without coordinates

Open the mapobservation + sensor9 492

Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence

Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.

Coordinate accuracy50% within 1 km

≤1 km 6≤10 km 4>10 km 2

12 georeferenced · 70 without coordinates

Open the institutions mapphysical evidence82

Wildobservation + sensor

Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.

10Collections & institutions

Holding institutions4 of 10 geolocated

Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.

Institution	Specimens
BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record	60
Sion, CH	5
BClocation not on record	4
Moscow State Universitylocation not on record	3
Helsinki, FI	2
Sede dell'Orto botanico del Museo di Storia naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Parmalocation not on record	1
BRNUlocation not on record	1
Kew, GB	1
Montréal, CA	1
Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record	1

10 institutions · 79 of 82 vouchered records shown · 3 without an institution code

09Environmental DNA218 detections

Where the DNA of Polygaloides chamaebuxus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.

Signal

Detections DNA found218

Studies independent surveys2

Countries4

Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections

Where its DNA was found

0 of 218 detections have coordinates

Open the map4 countries0

How strong is each trace?

DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.

Modelled climatemodelled

−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C

Temperature median6.90 °C 6.90–6.90

Seasonal swing summer↔winter18.1 °C

Max temp (day)10.5 °C

Min temp (night)1.10 °C

Precipitation273 mm/mo

Air humidity63.5 %

Moisture balance164 mm/mo

Vapour deficit364 Pa

Wind speed4.00 m/s

Cloud cover39.7 %

CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 213 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche

How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.

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Polygaloides chamaebuxus

At a glance

Sources9 archives

Size & morphology8

Life cycle & reproduction10

Diet & foraging1

Habitat & environment5

Physiology & chemistry7

Other traits1

Compound class profile4 classes

Documented compounds9 total

At a glance

Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged

At a glance

When this lineage existed

Record type9 574 records

Range

Wildobservation + sensor

Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence

Wildobservation + sensor

Holding institutions4 of 10 geolocated

Signal

Where its DNA was found

How strong is each trace?

Modelled climatemodelled

Record type9 574 records