Polemonium caeruleum
speciesAt a glance
Sources14 archives
Databases and archives Polemonium caeruleum's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation11 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility27 795 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI88 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics47 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Polemonium caeruleum, known as Jacob's-ladder or Greek valerian, is a hardy perennial flowering plant. The plant produces cup-shaped, blue or white flowers. It is native to temperate regions of Europe.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology16
Life cycle & reproduction14
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment11
Physiology & chemistry6
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Polemonium caeruleum across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds78 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Chicoricacid | present | NPASS | |
| (-)-Chicoric acid | present | NPASS | |
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | present | NPASS | |
| (3aR)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dimethyl-3a,4-dihydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,6-dione | present | NPASS | |
| (3aR,9aS,9bR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-3-methylidene-4,5,9a,9b-tetrahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione | present | NPASS | |
| (3aR,9aS,9bS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-3-methylidene-4,5,9a,9b-tetrahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione | present | NPASS | |
| (3aS,5R,6aR,9aR,9bS)-3,6,9-trimethylidene-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one | present | NPASS | |
| (3aS,8aS,9R,9aS)-9-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1-methylidene-4,8a,9,9a-tetrahydro-3aH-azuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,6-dione | present | NPASS | |
| (3R,3aR,4R,9aS,9bS)-4-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethyl-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione | present | NPASS | |
| (3S)-3-hexatriacontyl-2,3-dihydropyran-6-one | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Polemonium caeruleum has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Polemonium caeruleum carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 1830×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · CCDB · slov-fl · CCDB · iapt +11
n 92×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
How it livedPBDB
Record type27 795 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions72 of 151 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 495 |
| LDlocation not on record | 267 |
| Olocation not on record | 242 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 194 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 190 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 174 |
| Trondheim, NO | 173 |
| Oulu, FI | 132 |
| Tartu, EE | 113 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 70 |
| KFGBlocation not on record | 66 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 58 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 48 |
| Kuopio, FI | 47 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 46 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 44 |
| Philadelphia, US | 44 |
| Uppsala, SE | 37 |
| Bergen, NO | 37 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 36 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 34 |
| Salzburg, AT | 32 |
| Tallinn, EE | 29 |
| Turku, FI | 28 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 25 |
| Bern, CH | 22 |
| Bronx, US | 21 |
| Provo, US | 18 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 18 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 16 |
| Mlocation not on record | 15 |
| Victoria, CA | 14 |
| Helsinki, FI | 13 |
| South Kensington, GB | 13 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 10 |
| Vancouver, CA | 9 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 9 |
| Kandalaksha State Nature Reservelocation not on record | 8 |
| Warwickshire Museumlocation not on record | 8 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 7 |
| Porvoo, FI | 7 |
| Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaftlocation not on record | 7 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 7 |
| University of Gdansk, Dept. of Plant Taxonomy & Nature Conservationlocation not on record | 6 |
| Kostrzyca Forest Gene Banklocation not on record | 6 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 6 |
| Görlitz, DE | 6 |
| Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reservelocation not on record | 6 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 6 |
| The State Museum-Preserve "The Kulikovo pole"location not on record | 6 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 5 |
| Taipei, TW | 5 |
| NMBU:MINAlocation not on record | 5 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 5 |
| Garðabær, IS | 5 |
| nbflocation not on record | 4 |
| Wlocation not on record | 4 |
| Orem, US | 4 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 4 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 4 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 4 |
| Stockholm, SE | 4 |
| Hobart, AU | 3 |
| Naturhistorische Gesellschaft Nürnberg e.V.location not on record | 3 |
| Pullman, US | 3 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 3 |
| Zürich, CH | 3 |
| IWEP FEB RASlocation not on record | 3 |
| Université Lavallocation not on record | 3 |
| Cambridge, US | 3 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Boise, US | 3 |
| H-Wolflocation not on record | 3 |
| Dresden, DE | 3 |
| Sion, CH | 3 |
| ER Hellerlocation not on record | 2 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Québec, CA | 2 |
| Berlin, DE | 2 |
| Kew, GB | 2 |
| Herbarium of South China Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 2 |
| San Diego, US | 2 |
| 东北师范大学自然博物馆location not on record | 2 |
| Saint Louis, US | 2 |
| Namur, BE | 2 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Tromso University Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 2 |
| Davenport, US | 2 |
| CJBNlocation not on record | 2 |
| Institute of the biological problems of the North FEB RASlocation not on record | 2 |
| Universität Göttingenlocation not on record | 2 |
| Auckland, NZ | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 2 |
| PRClocation not on record | 2 |
| SNSNMClocation not on record | 2 |
| Forssa, FI | 2 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 2 |
| Riverside, US | 2 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Bayreuthlocation not on record | 2 |
| Beijing, CN | 2 |
| San Francisco, US | 1 |
| Moscow, US | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
| Oswego, US | 1 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 1 |
| Universität Erlangen-Nürnberglocation not on record | 1 |
| Weber State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| PTHlocation not on record | 1 |
| Zürich, CH | 1 |
| Bourges, FR | 1 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 1 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Jiangxi College of Educationlocation not on record | 1 |
| Burlington, US | 1 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 1 |
| Wellington, NZ | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| Tlalnepantla, MX | 1 |
| Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratorylocation not on record | 1 |
| Logan, US | 1 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 1 |
| FLADlocation not on record | 1 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 1 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 1 |
| Shanghai, CN | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Greenbelt Parklocation not on record | 1 |
| Tilburg, NL | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Garden Edinburghlocation not on record | 1 |
| NMWlocation not on record | 1 |
| Grand Junction, US | 1 |
| Göteborg, SE | 1 |
| Bloomington, US | 1 |
| Voronezh State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 1 |
| MAlocation not on record | 1 |
| No collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| CBDClocation not on record | 1 |
| Trois-Rivières, CA | 1 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 1 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 1 |
| Denver, US | 1 |
| Flagstaff, US | 1 |
| ROM020location not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Polemonium caeruleum was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.