Phylloscopus trochilus
(Linnaeus, 1758) · speciesAt a glance
Sources10 archives
Databases and archives Phylloscopus trochilus's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation14 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility4 760 453 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI51 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics49 specimens↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinegenome & karyotype↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
IOC World Bird ListIOCbird checklist↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
The willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) is a very common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe and the Palearctic, from Ireland east to the Anadyr River basin in eastern Siberia. It is strongly migratory, with almost all of the population wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a bird of open woodlands with trees and ground cover for nesting, including most importantly birch, alder, and willow habitats. The nest is usually built in close contact with the ground, often in low vegetation. Like most Old World warblers (Sylviidae), this small passerine is insectivorous. In northern Europe, it is one of the first warblers to return in the spring, though later than the closely related chiffchaff.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology13
Life cycle & reproduction9
Diet & foraging7
Habitat & environment4
Physiology & chemistry1
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Phylloscopus trochilus has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
Besides the big genome in the nucleus, cells carry a small, circular loop of DNA inside the cell's energy factories — the mitochondria. It is inherited almost only from the mother and is a leftover from ancient bacteria that moved into the cell. The mitochondrial markers above (ND*, COX, CYTB…) are read from exactly this loop. Outer ring = one strand, inner ring = the other.
The complete instruction manual Phylloscopus trochilus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type4 760 453 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions39 of 69 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| NHMOlocation not on record | 4 325 |
| Zoological Museum, Moscow Lomonosov State Universitylocation not on record | 477 |
| Helsinki, FI | 442 |
| Stockholm, SE | 277 |
| Salzburg, AT | 158 |
| MRAClocation not on record | 150 |
| Oulu, FI | 138 |
| Liverpool, GB | 133 |
| Kuopio, FI | 130 |
| Seattle, US | 98 |
| Geneva, CH | 83 |
| Cambridge, US | 80 |
| New Haven, US | 67 |
| Tromsø, NO | 53 |
| Copenhagen, DK | 51 |
| Philadelphia, US | 50 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 42 |
| Bergen, NO | 35 |
| MZLUlocation not on record | 29 |
| Louisiana State University, Museum of Zoologylocation not on record | 28 |
| Barcelona, ES | 28 |
| Toronto, CA | 26 |
| Brussels, BE | 25 |
| Washington, US | 23 |
| Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology UB RASlocation not on record | 23 |
| Edmonton, CA | 22 |
| SMNHTAUlocation not on record | 20 |
| RBINS-Scientific Heritagelocation not on record | 16 |
| EEZAlocation not on record | 15 |
| Paris, FR | 15 |
| Chicago, US | 15 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 14 |
| Muzeum Górnośląskie w Bytomiulocation not on record | 14 |
| IMEDEAlocation not on record | 12 |
| CPMMlocation not on record | 12 |
| Natural History Museum, Aarhus Denmarklocation not on record | 12 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 10 |
| CBDClocation not on record | 8 |
| Berkeley, US | 5 |
| TMPMlocation not on record | 5 |
| Philadelphia, US | 5 |
| Forssa, FI | 5 |
| Ohio State University - Bird Division, Columbus, OH (OSUM)location not on record | 4 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 4 |
| South Kensington, GB | 4 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 4 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 4 |
| Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 3 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 3 |
| Kristiansand, NO | 3 |
| München, DE | 3 |
| Ugentlocation not on record | 2 |
| Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropicallocation not on record | 2 |
| Zografou, GR | 2 |
| Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Bourges, FR | 1 |
| SNSDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 1 |
| Gothenburg, SE | 1 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tilburg, NL | 1 |
| Sevilla, ES | 1 |
| ZMAAlocation not on record | 1 |
| BG-NMNHSlocation not on record | 1 |
| STOCKHOLM, SE | 1 |
| KU Leuvenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Auckland, NZ | 1 |
| Denver, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Phylloscopus trochilus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.