Malus domestica
(Suckow) Borkh. · speciesAt a glance
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Malus domestica's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation22 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility126 530 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI75 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics112 specimens↗
FooDBThe Metabolomics Innovation Centrecompounds↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Malus niedzwetzkyana, or Niedzwetzky's apple, is a kind of apple native to certain parts of China, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan noted for its red-fleshed, red-skinned fruit and red flowers. Some botanists consider it a distinct species, while others have argued it is simply an unusual variety of the common apple, Malus pumila. Niedzwetzky's apple is rare, often growing as an isolated tree, and is endangered throughout its range by agricultural encroachment and logging operations. Only 111 specimens of the tree are known to survive in Kyrgyzstan. The conservation group Fauna & Flora International is working to save and restore the species in that country, and has put M. niedzwetzkyana on its endangered list, brought it under its Global Trees Campaign, and planted over 1000 saplings in area forests in 2010 and 2011 The tree was introduced to the West c. 1890 by Georg Dieck at the Zöschen Arboretum, Germany, who grew it from seed sent by the Russian lawyer and amateur botanist Vladislav E. Niedzwiecki living in exile in Turkestan; Dieck later donated specimens to the Späth nursery, which exported the tree to the USA c. 1896.Hansen, N. How to produce that $1000 premium apple, in Minnesota State Hort. Soc. (1900). Trees, fruits & flowers of Minnesota. Vol. 28. 470-1. Forgotten Books, London, 2013.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology24
Life cycle & reproduction13
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment15
Physiology & chemistry8
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Malus domestica across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds5 951 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sugars | 81,130 mg/100g | FooDB | |
| Sucrose | 59,000 mg/100 g | FooDB |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Malus domestica has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
Besides the big genome in the nucleus, cells carry a small, circular loop of DNA inside the cell's energy factories — the mitochondria. It is inherited almost only from the mother and is a leftover from ancient bacteria that moved into the cell. The mitochondrial markers above (ND*, COX, CYTB…) are read from exactly this loop. Outer ring = one strand, inner ring = the other.
The complete instruction manual Malus domestica carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 3423×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · nw-europe-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl +6
2n 685×CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · book-fedorov · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
2n 514×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-fedorov +1
2n 241×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
2n 431×CCDB · book-ipcn73-74
n 172×CCDB · CromoCat 2015
n 222×CCDB · CromoCat 2015
n 242×CCDB · CromoCat 2015
n 341×CCDB · book-ipcn73-74
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Record type126 530 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions78 of 164 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| ESP119location not on record | 384 |
| ESP197location not on record | 254 |
| Helsinki, FI | 198 |
| Olocation not on record | 188 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 174 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 169 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 155 |
| LDlocation not on record | 154 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 145 |
| Adelaide, AU | 114 |
| ESP089location not on record | 114 |
| AZE009location not on record | 107 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 101 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 92 |
| Bergen, NO | 91 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 83 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 74 |
| AUT023location not on record | 61 |
| Turku, FI | 53 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 50 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 49 |
| AUT024location not on record | 47 |
| Tartu, EE | 44 |
| Görlitz, DE | 42 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 37 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 33 |
| Canberra, AU | 27 |
| Auckland, NZ | 25 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 23 |
| Toronto, CA | 21 |
| Trondheim, NO | 21 |
| Salzburg, AT | 20 |
| Barcelona, ES | 20 |
| YUG047location not on record | 19 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 19 |
| Corvallis, US | 17 |
| MAlocation not on record | 16 |
| Brisbane, AU | 15 |
| Porvoo, FI | 15 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 15 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 14 |
| ESP007location not on record | 13 |
| AUT052location not on record | 13 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 13 |
| Saint Louis, US | 13 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 12 |
| Vitoria, ES | 12 |
| Oulu, FI | 12 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 10 |
| BClocation not on record | 10 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 10 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 10 |
| Hobart, AU | 9 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 9 |
| Kew, GB | 9 |
| Armidale, AU | 8 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 8 |
| South Kensington, GB | 8 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 7 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 7 |
| Philadelphia, US | 6 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 6 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 6 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 5 |
| Mlocation not on record | 5 |
| Wlocation not on record | 5 |
| València, ES | 4 |
| Tallinn, EE | 4 |
| Kuopio, FI | 4 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 4 |
| Madison, US | 4 |
| Alicante, ES | 4 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 4 |
| Royal Botanic Garden Edinburghlocation not on record | 3 |
| Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocagelocation not on record | 3 |
| UChlocation not on record | 3 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Smithsonian Institutionlocation not on record | 3 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 3 |
| Paris, FR | 3 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 3 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 3 |
| PRClocation not on record | 3 |
| Herbarium of South China Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 3 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 3 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 3 |
| Portland, US | 3 |
| MHNAIXlocation not on record | 2 |
| Stockholm, SE | 2 |
| Tampere, FI | 2 |
| Kensington, AU | 2 |
| Sant Julià de Lòria, AD | 2 |
| Tlalnepantla, MX | 2 |
| Salvador, BR | 2 |
| MKD001location not on record | 2 |
| GB | 2 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Nanjing, CN | 2 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 2 |
| Salamanca, ES | 2 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 2 |
| Madrid, ES | 2 |
| Millersville, US | 2 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Mohonk Preservelocation not on record | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 2 |
| The State Museum-Preserve "The Kulikovo pole"location not on record | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Opolskilocation not on record | 2 |
| Durango, MX | 2 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 2 |
| Mexico City, MX | 2 |
| Ashland, US | 1 |
| Göteborg, SE | 1 |
| Córdoba, AR | 1 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 1 |
| Berlin, DE | 1 |
| Turlock, US | 1 |
| Castelar, AR | 1 |
| UoB-IBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 1 |
| nbflocation not on record | 1 |
| Royal Ontario Museum, Green Plant Herbarium (TRT)location not on record | 1 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 1 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 1 |
| Chiba, JP | 1 |
| Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiejlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sede dell'Orto botanico del Museo di Storia naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Parmalocation not on record | 1 |
| UFSMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| Provo, US | 1 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 1 |
| NoColllocation not on record | 1 |
| Santiago de Compostela, ES | 1 |
| Palmerston, AU | 1 |
| ESP003location not on record | 1 |
| Boise, US | 1 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 1 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 1 |
| Moscow, US | 1 |
| Claremont, US | 1 |
| Nishihara, JP | 1 |
| UDESC-CAVlocation not on record | 1 |
| San Diego, US | 1 |
| San Diego Natural History Museum, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Parkville, AU | 1 |
| McGill University, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| IANIGLAlocation not on record | 1 |
| SWlocation not on record | 1 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 1 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Gijón, ES | 1 |
| Pullman, US | 1 |
| VALElocation not on record | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| CASlocation not on record | 1 |
| AZE015location not on record | 1 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 1 |
| Brussel, BE | 1 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 1 |
| Wellington, NZ | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Malus domestica was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.