Size & morphology2
Plant height0.4 m
Seed mass3.62 mg
Life cycle & reproduction23
Bloom periodEarly Summer
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourpurple
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsYes
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatesubalpine or subarctic
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · TRY: Subshrub, Forb/herb
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min14 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry18
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceLow
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceMedium
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Frost free days min120 days
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max30 in
Precipitation min14 in
Protein potentialLow
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceMedium
Soil pH max7.8 pH
Soil pH min6.4 pH
Temperature min-23 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound125 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousYes
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Planting density max2 700 per acre
Planting density min1 700 per acre