Koeberlinia spinosa is a species of flowering plant native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico and India known by several common names, including crown of thorns, allthorn, and crucifixion thorn. It is one of two species of the genus Koeberlinia, which is sometimes considered to be the only genus in the plant family Koeberliniaceae. Alternately it is treated as a member of the caper family. This is a shrub of moderate to large size, sprawling to maximum heights over 4 m. It is entirely green while growing and is made up of tangling straight stems which branch many times. The tip of each rigid stem branch tapers into a long, sharp spine. Leaves are mainly rudimentary, taking the form of tiny deciduous scales. Most of the photosynthesis occurs in the green stem branches. The shrub blooms abundantly in white to greenish-white flowers. The fruits are shiny black berries each a few millimeters long; they are attractive to birds. Koeberlinia spinosa can be found in northern regions of the Mexican Plateau and in south Indian regions in the east down into the northern foothills of the Sierra Madre Orientals. In the west it ranges into the southern, and central Sonoran Desert of Sonora, and southern and southwestern Arizona; it also ranges into three areas of Baja California Sur-(part of the Sonoran Desert).
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Compounds documented for Koeberlinia spinosa across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile2 classes
Arteminisin1
Taxane diterpenoids $ Tetracyclic diterpenoids1
Documented compounds10 total
Compound
Class
Amount
Source
Artemisinin
present
NPASS
HSYPDUXYDHUDLJ-HTAGNPAPSA-N
present
NPASS
IYWKCXXBLCNUEK-FQEAUJLESA-N
present
NPASS
IYWKCXXBLCNUEK-HTAGNPAPSA-N
present
NPASS
IYWKCXXBLCNUEK-IBBAEQEVSA-N
present
NPASS
IYWKCXXBLCNUEK-MIDUXASESA-N
present
NPASS
NSLIPZCCFZNQJZ-DJNJQWQBSA-N
present
NPASS
OWDNDBKSRBZYRL-KEKNWZKVSA-N
present
NPASS
Paclitaxel
present
NPASS
ZMZFYNRYNMZSCW-DJNJQWQBSA-N
present
NPASS
05DNA & barcoding2 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Koeberlinia spinosa has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens2
Marker genes2
GenBank sequences2
eDNA detections2
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
Koeberlinia spinosa ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, partial cds; chloroplast gene for chloroplast product
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK1★rbcL1
plant barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB
The complete instruction manualKoeberlinia spinosa carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 44 n = 22
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
n 223×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — WEEDIN, J. F. & A. M. POWELL. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 716–718.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Weedin, J. F. & A. M. Powell. 1978. In IOPB chromosome number reports LX. Taxon 27: 223–231.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Weedin & Powell 1978
07Deep time~59.7 Ma lineage
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
DNA clock origin59.7 Ma TimeTree
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The dashed rules marked ✦ are the five great mass extinctions. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
DNA clock originmass extinction
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type2 922 records
Wild obs. + sensor2 363
Museum / vouchered558
Cultivated / captive1
Origin
Native4
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO5 928 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy83% within 1 km
≤100 m 1 474≤1 km 190≤10 km 102>10 km 247
2 013 georeferenced · 350 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor2 363
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy58% within 1 km
≤100 m 147≤1 km 43≤10 km 82>10 km 58
330 georeferenced · 228 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence558
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy
no georeferenced coordinates · 1 records without
Open the mapnot free-living1
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions49 of 61 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
BAYLUlocation not on record
96
Austin, US
58
Bronx, US
37
Albuquerque, US
35
ASUlocation not on record
33
EL PASO, US
31
Durango, MX
27
Phoenix, US
23
San Diego, US
22
Mexico City, MX
21
Claremont, US
15
Austin, US
14
Zacatecas, MX
10
Juriquilla, MX
8
La Paz, MX
8
Riverside, US
7
Hermosillo, MX
6
San Luis Potosí, MX
6
Saint Louis, US
6
Flagstaff, US
6
CASlocation not on record
6
Wuzhou, CN
5
Lubbock, US
4
Mexico City, MX
4
Fort Worth, US
4
Arizona State University Biocollectionslocation not on record
3
University of Stellenboschlocation not on record
3
Santa Barbara, US
3
Kew, GB
3
Tampa, US
3
Guasave, MX
3
Provo, US
2
Giardini Botanici Hanburylocation not on record
2
Chapingo, MX
2
Mexico City, MX
2
Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record
2
Miami, US
2
San Luis Obispo, US
2
San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record
2
Dekalb, US
2
Tlalnepantla, MX
2
Mexico City, MX
2
Waverly, US
2
Ensenada, MX
2
AUAlocation not on record
1
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO
1
Clemson, US
1
Emporia, US
1
Boise, US
1
Paris, FR
1
Bangkok, TH
1
LDlocation not on record
1
Linares, MX
1
Moscow, US
1
US
1
USFSlocation not on record
1
Los Angeles, US
1
Mississippi State, US
1
Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record
1
San Angelo, US
1
Brookings, US
1
61 institutions · 553 of 558 vouchered records shown · 5 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA2 detections
Where the DNA of Koeberlinia spinosa was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found2
Studies independent surveys1
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 2 detections have coordinates
Open the map0 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.