⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 4.9 m · USDA: 3.66 m · TRY: 2.99 m
Seed mass4.23 mg
Life cycle & reproduction24
Bloom periodLate Spring
Coppice potentialYes
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colourwhite
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formshrub
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsYes
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityYes
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Habitat & environment22
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsNo
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Foliage colorDark Green
Foliage porosity summerDense
Foliage porosity winterDense
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourblack
Growth formtree
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: tree · TRY: S
Growth form USDAThicket Forming
Hedge toleranceHigh
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionYes
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min16 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry22
Anaerobic toleranceHigh
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceNone
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceLow
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantYes
Fire toleranceNone
Frost free days min200 days
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)460 mg/g
Leaf n15.9 mg/g
Moisture useHigh
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max70 in
Precipitation min30 in
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceLow
Soil pH max6.7 pH
Soil pH min5.5 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)5.93 mm²/mg
Temperature min7 °F
Uses & economy13
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productYes
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound110 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousYes
Fruit seed abundanceHigh
Fruit seed conspicuousYes
Fruit seed persistenceYes
Height at 20yr3.66 m
Planting density max1 200 per acre
Planting density min700 per acre
03Chemical composition1 compounds
Compounds documented for Ilex coriacea across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile1 class
Flavonols1
Documented compounds1 total
Compound
Class
Amount
Source
Quercetin
present
LOTUS
05DNA & barcoding2 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Ilex coriacea has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens2
Marker genes4
GenBank sequences7
eDNA detections2
Countries1
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK2★rbcL4★ITS1★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type1 570 records
Wild obs. + sensor983
Museum / vouchered584
Other3
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO3 968 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy79% within 1 km
≤100 m 557≤1 km 88≤10 km 36>10 km 138
819 georeferenced · 164 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor983
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy27% within 1 km
≤100 m 32≤1 km 38≤10 km 97>10 km 97
264 georeferenced · 320 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence584
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions45 of 73 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
Bangkok, TH
72
Jackson, US
53
Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record
51
Philadelphia, US
34
Tampa, US
29
Valdosta State Universitylocation not on record
24
Mississippi State, US
24
US
21
Bronx, US
18
University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record
16
Saint Louis, US
15
Miami, US
14
Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record
14
Wuzhou, CN
14
Columbia, US
14
Bloomington, US
10
AUAlocation not on record
10
Chongqing Museumlocation not on record
9
University of Stellenboschlocation not on record
9
Tall Timbers Research Stationlocation not on record
8
Austin, US
7
Chapel Hill, US
6
Tuscaloosa, US
6
Clemson, US
5
GAlocation not on record
4
Knoxville, US
4
Flagstaff, US
4
San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record
4
BAYLUlocation not on record
3
Burlington, US
3
Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record
3
Washington, US
3
Appalachian State Universitylocation not on record
3
Weymouth Woods Sandhills Nature Preservelocation not on record
3
Moscow State Universitylocation not on record
3
Kew, GB
2
Western Carolina Universitylocation not on record
2
Fort Worth, US
2
Baltimore, US
2
EL PASO, US
2
DOI/NPS, Mississippi National River & Recreation Arealocation not on record
2
Long Beach, US
2
Norfolk, US
2
Tempe, US
2
McWane Science Centerlocation not on record
2
Minia, EG
2
Phoenix, US
2
Williamsburg, US
2
Asheville, US
2
Dekalb, US
2
Henderson State Universitylocation not on record
1
Taipei, TW
1
New Brunswick, US
1
College Park, US
1
Dover, US
1
James F. Matthews Center for Biodiversity Studieslocation not on record
1
Université de Bordeauxlocation not on record
1
Audubon Society -- Silver Bluff Audubon Center and Sanctuarylocation not on record
1
San Angelo, US
1
Taipei, TW
1
Richmond, US
1
Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record
1
University of South Carolina Salkehatchielocation not on record
1
Leiden University Medical Centerlocation not on record
1
Millersville, US
1
Waverly, US
1
GB
1
Chicago, US
1
Turku, FI
1
Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record
1
Wlocation not on record
1
UnBlocation not on record
1
Bogotá, D.C., CO
1
73 institutions · 573 of 584 vouchered records shown · 11 without an institution code
09Environmental DNA2 detections
Where the DNA of Ilex coriacea was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found2
Studies independent surveys1
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 2 detections have coordinates
Open the map0 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility1 570 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI2 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics2 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗