Ilex aquifolium
speciesAt a glance
Sources15 archives
Databases and archives Ilex aquifolium's data was compiled from.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility661 206 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI26 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics47 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
giftgenome & karyotype
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Le Houx commun (Ilex aquifolium L., 1753) est une espèce d'arbustes, ou de petits arbres, à feuillage persistant de la famille des Aquifoliacées, couramment cultivés pour leur aspect ornemental, notamment grâce à leurs fruits rouge vif. C'est l'une des très nombreuses espèces du genre Ilex et la seule qui pousse spontanément en Europe. C'est une espèce de sous-bois assez commune en Europe jusqu'à 1 500 m d'altitude. Les rameaux couverts de drupes qui persistent tout l'hiver sont recherchés au moment des fêtes de Noël, et son feuillage persistant lui vaut d'être considéré comme une des plantes du nouvel an avec le buis, le laurier, l'if, le lierre, le genévrier, l'ajonc et le gui.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology21
Life cycle & reproduction16
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment13
Physiology & chemistry9
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Ilex aquifolium across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds20 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Ursolic Acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (2R)-2-[(4S)-4-hydroxycyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl]-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyacetonitrile | present | LOTUS | |
| (2Z)-2-[(4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene]acetonitrile | present | LOTUS | |
| (3beta,13alpha,14beta)-13-Methyl-26-norurs-7-en-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3R,4aS,6aR,6bS,8aS,11R,12S,12aR,14aR,14bR)-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,12aR,14aR,14bS)-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,11R,12S,12aS,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Ilex aquifolium has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Ilex aquifolium carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 4017×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · brit-fl +10
2n 462×CCDB · CromoCat 2015 · GIFT · GIFT (floras)
n 204×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The solid bar is the fossil range: the span between the oldest and the youngest fossil that palaeontologists have assigned to Ilex aquifolium. Above itBeside it, each dot is one dated fossil find — few enough to count, so they are drawn individually rather than as a graph.
How it livedPBDB
Record type661 222 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions114 of 211 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 304 |
| Olocation not on record | 202 |
| Bergen, NO | 194 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 178 |
| LDlocation not on record | 163 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 141 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 100 |
| MAlocation not on record | 72 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 66 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 63 |
| València, ES | 59 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 58 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 55 |
| Salzburg, AT | 49 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 45 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 40 |
| Barcelona, ES | 40 |
| BClocation not on record | 38 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 36 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 35 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 32 |
| South Kensington, GB | 29 |
| Bern, CH | 29 |
| Corvallis, US | 29 |
| Trondheim, NO | 28 |
| Vitoria, ES | 27 |
| Pullman, US | 26 |
| Vancouver, CA | 25 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 21 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 21 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 21 |
| Wlocation not on record | 21 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 19 |
| Adelaide, AU | 19 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 18 |
| Hobart, AU | 17 |
| Arcata, US | 17 |
| San Sebastián, ES | 16 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 16 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 16 |
| Madrid, ES | 16 |
| Auckland, NZ | 16 |
| Berlin, DE | 14 |
| Salamanca, ES | 14 |
| Badajoz, ES | 14 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 13 |
| UGentlocation not on record | 12 |
| Canberra, AU | 12 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 12 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 12 |
| Görlitz, DE | 11 |
| Zürich, CH | 11 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 10 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 10 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 9 |
| Sevilla, ES | 9 |
| Portland, US | 8 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 8 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 8 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 7 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 7 |
| Honolulu, US | 7 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 7 |
| Philadelphia, US | 7 |
| Zürich, CH | 7 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 7 |
| Armidale, AU | 7 |
| Bronx, US | 7 |
| Boise, US | 7 |
| Granada, ES | 7 |
| Alicante, ES | 6 |
| Victoria, CA | 6 |
| Bothell, US | 6 |
| Taipei, TW | 6 |
| Tilburg, NL | 6 |
| Western Carolina Universitylocation not on record | 5 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 5 |
| Mlocation not on record | 5 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 5 |
| Madrid, ES | 5 |
| Saint Louis, US | 5 |
| Beijing, CN | 5 |
| Claremont, US | 4 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 4 |
| Portland, US | 4 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 4 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 4 |
| Long Beach, US | 4 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 4 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 4 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 4 |
| Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisienlocation not on record | 4 |
| Pocatello, US | 4 |
| Wellington, NZ | 4 |
| Millersville, US | 4 |
| Winterthur, CH | 4 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 4 |
| Cheney, US | 3 |
| Durban, ZA | 3 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 3 |
| nbflocation not on record | 3 |
| Riverside, US | 3 |
| Bangkok, TH | 3 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 3 |
| Davis, US | 3 |
| Caldwell, US | 3 |
| PRClocation not on record | 3 |
| Museo della Bonifica di San Donà di Piavelocation not on record | 3 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Universität Göttingenlocation not on record | 3 |
| Knoxville, US | 3 |
| ESP003location not on record | 3 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 3 |
| Bozeman, US | 3 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 3 |
| UNESP-FCAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Paris, FR | 2 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 2 |
| Podgorica, ME | 2 |
| Moscow, US | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 2 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 2 |
| JBSlocation not on record | 2 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 2 |
| Little Rock, US | 2 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 2 |
| Cape Town, ZA | 2 |
| Pamplona, ES | 2 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 2 |
| Tartu, EE | 2 |
| UIBlocation not on record | 2 |
| Bando, JP | 2 |
| Tampa, US | 2 |
| Flagstaff, US | 2 |
| Denver, US | 2 |
| Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record | 2 |
| Sion, CH | 2 |
| JBCLMlocation not on record | 2 |
| College Park, US | 2 |
| US | 1 |
| Kew, GB | 1 |
| Université Lavallocation not on record | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 1 |
| Chiba, JP | 1 |
| FFPRIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Turlock, US | 1 |
| Musée des Confluenceslocation not on record | 1 |
| Kingston, US | 1 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 1 |
| SGAV-and-NHMDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Brisbane, AU | 1 |
| Glarus, CH | 1 |
| University of British Columbia, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 1 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 1 |
| Columbia, US | 1 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| Charleston Southern Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| TAFORI-LSRClocation not on record | 1 |
| CEPLAClocation not on record | 1 |
| Minia, EG | 1 |
| HAWlocation not on record | 1 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 1 |
| BG-NMNHSlocation not on record | 1 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 1 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 1 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 1 |
| Sanda, JP | 1 |
| University of Genevalocation not on record | 1 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Angwin, US | 1 |
| National Botanic Garden of Waleslocation not on record | 1 |
| IPE-CSIClocation not on record | 1 |
| San Jose, US | 1 |
| San Francisco, US | 1 |
| CJBNlocation not on record | 1 |
| Smithfield, AU | 1 |
| Xian, CN | 1 |
| University of Hamburglocation not on record | 1 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Williamsburg, US | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| Awka, NG | 1 |
| San Diego, US | 1 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 1 |
| Firenze, IT | 1 |
| Bourges, FR | 1 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Walla Walla, US | 1 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 1 |
| Corporación Autónoma Regional Para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB)location not on record | 1 |
| University of Birminghamlocation not on record | 1 |
| Mississippi State, US | 1 |
| Coimbra, PT | 1 |
| Herb. BBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Muséum Henri Lecoqlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uppsala, SE | 1 |
| Tromso University Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Namur, BE | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| OLAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Stockholm, SE | 1 |
| Philadelphia, US | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, San Juan Island National Historical Parklocation not on record | 1 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Ilex aquifolium was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.