Size & morphology2
Plant height0.61 m
Seed mass0.586 mg
Life cycle & reproduction23
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodMid Summer
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourpurple
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryShort
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorLow
Vegetative spread rateModerate
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment23
Active growth periodSpring, Summer, Fall
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorYellow-Green
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb
Growth form USDAMultiple Stem
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min10 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry18
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceMedium
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min130 days
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max20 in
Precipitation min10 in
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8 pH
Soil pH min5.9 pH
Temperature min-43 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound800 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousYes
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceYes
Planting density max11 000 per acre
Planting density min2 700 per acre