Euphorbia tithymaloides
speciesAt a glance
Sources15 archives
Databases and archives Euphorbia tithymaloides's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation10 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility1 286 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI24 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics13 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Euphorbia tithymaloides is a perennial succulent spurge.Sajeva and Costanzo, Succulents: The Illustrated Dictionary, 1994, p. 185. An erect shrub,Vardhana, Direct Uses of Medicinal Plants and Their Identification, 2008, p. 261. the plant is also known by the scientific name Pedilanthus tithymaloides. However, the genus Pedilanthus has been submerged into the genus Euphorbia, and is more correctly known by its new name (Euphorbia tithymaloides).Steinmann, "The Submersion of Pedilanthus into Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)," Acta Botanica Mexicana, 2003, p. 45.Spoerke and Smolinske, Toxicity of Houseplants, 1990, p. 181.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology9
Life cycle & reproduction5
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment10
Physiology & chemistry1
Compounds documented for Euphorbia tithymaloides across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds66 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1S,3R,6S,8S,11S,12S,15R,16R)-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bS)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3S,4R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aS,14aS,14bS)-4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-hexadecahydropicen-3-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (4S,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,12aR,14aS,14bS)-4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-2,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (5E)-7-Oxozeaenol | present | NPASS | |
| (5Z)-7-Oxozeaenol | present | NPASS | |
| (Z)-2-Hexenoic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| 1,2,3-Benzenetriol | present | LOTUS | |
| 2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl- | present | LOTUS | |
| 3',4'-Dimethoxycinnamic acid | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Euphorbia tithymaloides has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Euphorbia tithymaloides carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 345×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-indian_vol1
2n 365×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · book-fedorov +1
n 177×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 +1
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
How it livedPBDB
Record type1 286 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions35 of 66 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 41 |
| Bronx, US | 11 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 11 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 10 |
| Mexico City, MX | 8 |
| Tampa, US | 6 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 6 |
| Jardín Botánico de Cartagena "Guillermo Piñeres" (JBC)location not on record | 6 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 6 |
| Mérida, MX | 6 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 5 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 5 |
| Baroda, IN | 5 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 4 |
| Durango, MX | 3 |
| Sydney, AU | 3 |
| Fort Worth, US | 3 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| Masindi, UG | 2 |
| Smithfield, AU | 2 |
| CEPLAClocation not on record | 2 |
| Area de Conservacion Guanacastelocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)location not on record | 2 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 2 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 2 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 2 |
| Berlin, DE | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldilocation not on record | 2 |
| Durban, ZA | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| IPA/SPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chilelocation not on record | 1 |
| CASlocation not on record | 1 |
| Toluca, MX | 1 |
| Maringá, BR | 1 |
| San Luis Potosí, MX | 1 |
| Paris, FR | 1 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Saint Louis, US | 1 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 1 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| HUAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 1 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Feira de Santana, BR | 1 |
| MAPRlocation not on record | 1 |
| San José, CR | 1 |
| Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDistrital)location not on record | 1 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Canberra, AU | 1 |
| BGPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeirolocation not on record | 1 |
| Gump Stationlocation not on record | 1 |
| Santarém, BR | 1 |
| Honolulu, US | 1 |
| Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Banklocation not on record | 1 |
| Pondicherry, IN | 1 |
| Trondheim, NO | 1 |
| Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)location not on record | 1 |
| UFSClocation not on record | 1 |
| Armidale, AU | 1 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Corporación Autónoma Regional Para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB)location not on record | 1 |
| Teresina, BR | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Euphorbia tithymaloides was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.