Euphorbia milii
Des Moul. · speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records2 033
Data sources14
Biological traits38
DNA specimens13
eDNA detections40
Sources14 archives
Databases and archives Euphorbia milii's data was compiled from.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 029 records↗
OBISOcean Biodiversity Information System4 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI40 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics13 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Tree of SexTree of Sex Consortiumgenome & karyotype↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗On this page7 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements4 literature sources38 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS · NPASS29 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF · OBIS2 033 records
Environmental DNA1 datasets · 2 countries40 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD13 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT · TreeOfSex2n = 40
01Narrative
La couronne d'épines encore appelée couronne du Christ ou épine du Christ est une espèce d'arbuste épineux vivace de la famille des Euphorbiacées, qui peut atteindre 1,5m. Dans les pays tempérés, on l'utilise comme plante d'ornement en intérieur ou extérieur dans les régions au climat doux.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesWCVPTRYAusTraitsGIFT
Size & morphology13
Fruit length3.5 mm
Fruit length max3.5 mm
Fruit length min3.5 mm
Fruit width4 mm
Fruit width max4 mm
Fruit width min4 mm
Leaf length32.5 mm
Leaf length max50 mm
Leaf length min15 mm
Leaf width13 mm
Leaf width max20 mm
Leaf width min8 mm
Plant height max1.5 m
Life cycle & reproduction9
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dispersal type detailedanthropochorous
Flower colourred
Flowering endFeb
Flowering startOct
Life formsemisucculent subshrub or shrub
Life spanannual
⚠ sources differ — TRY: Annual · AusTraits: perennial · GIFT: perennial
Raunkiær life formphanerophyte
Sex typetrioecious
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment12
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatedesert or dry shrubland
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max1 700 m
Elevation min200 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Fruit fleshinessdry
Fruit typecapsule
Growth formherb
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · AusTraits: herb · TRY: shrub
Leaf formelliptic
Succulenceyes
Woodinessvariable
⚠ sources differ — TRY: non-woody/woody · AusTraits: herbaceous · GIFT: non-woody
Physiology & chemistry2
Leaf n18.9 mg/g
Leaf p1 mg/g
Other traits1
Defenseyes
03Chemical composition29 compounds
Compounds documented for Euphorbia milii across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Ingenane diterpenoids $ Tetracyclic diterpenoids10
Drimane sesquiterpenoids7
Tetracyclic diterpenoids $ Tigliane diterpenoids2
Cholestane steroids $ Stigmastane steroids1
Abeoabietane diterpenoids $ Secoabietane diterpenoids1
Documented compounds29 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (2S,4aS,5R,8aR)-5,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,4a-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-2-ol | present | NPASS | |
| (3aS,5aR,7S,9aS,9bS)-7-hydroxy-6,6,9a-trimethyl-3a,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydro-1H-benzo[e][2]benzofuran-3-one | present | NPASS | |
| 1-Hydroxy-8,8-dimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-6,7-dihydrophenanthrene-3,4,5-trione | present | NPASS | |
| 2(S)-hydroxyalbicanol | present | NPASS | |
| 2(S)-hydroxyalbicanol 11-acetate | present | NPASS | |
| 3beta-Hydroxycinnamolide | present | NPASS | |
| [(1S,4S,5R,6R,9S,10R,12R,14R)-4-acetyloxy-7-(acetyloxymethyl)-5-hydroxy-3,11,11,14-tetramethyl-15-oxo-6-tetracyclo[7.5.1.01,5.010,12]pentadeca-2,7-dienyl] 2-[(2-aminobenzoyl)amino]benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,4S,5R,6R,9S,10R,12R,14R)-6-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-3,11,11,14-tetramethyl-15-oxo-4-tetracyclo[7.5.1.01,5.010,12]pentadeca-2,7-dienyl] 2-[[2-[[2-(dimethylamino)benzoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybenzoyl]amino]benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,4S,5R,6R,9S,10R,12R,14R)-7-(acetyloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-3,11,11,14-tetramethyl-15-oxo-6-tetracyclo[7.5.1.01,5.010,12]pentadeca-2,7-dienyl] 2-[(2-aminobenzoyl)amino]benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,4S,5R,6R,9S,10R,12R,14R)-7-(acetyloxymethyl)-4,5-dihydroxy-3,11,11,14-tetramethyl-15-oxo-6-tetracyclo[7.5.1.01,5.010,12]pentadeca-2,7-dienyl] 2-[[2-[[2-(dimethylamino)benzoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybenzoyl]amino]benzoate | present | LOTUS |
05DNA & barcoding13 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Euphorbia milii has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens13
Marker genes6
eDNA detections40
Countries2
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★COI-5P★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS★ITS2
animal barcodeplant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT · TreeOfSex
The complete instruction manual Euphorbia milii carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 40 n = 20
Ploidypolyploid inferred
Chromosome records24–422n range40median40mode23records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 4019×GoaT · Tree of Sex Database · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 +3
GoaT · Tree of Sex Database — ↗
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Krishnappa, D. G. & R. V. Reshme. 1982. In IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVI. Taxon 31: 597–598.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Kothari, N. M., C. A. Ninant & P. I. Kuriachan. 1980. In Chromosome number reports LXIX. Taxon 29: 715–716.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sarkar, A. K. & N. Datta. 1979. Cytological assessment of the family Euphorbiaceae I. Tribe Euphorbieae. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 66: 86.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Amano, M., Y. Takahashi & N. KONDO. 1972. Chromosome number in Madagascar succulent Euphorbias. Rep. Inst. Breed. Res. Tokyo Univ. Agr. 3: 1–6.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Kothari, N. M., C. A. Ninant & P. I. Kuriachan. 1981a. In Chromosome number reports LXXI. Taxon 30: 511–512.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Amano et al. 1972
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Datta, N. 1967 ; Sarkar, A.K. & Datta, N. 1979
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Matsuura, H. & Suto, T. 1935 ; Choda, S.P. & Mehra, P.N. 1972; Mehra, P.N. & Choda, S.P. 1978; Kothari, N.M. et a!. 1980
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Sharma, A.K. & Jash, M. 1958c ; D'Amato (Uive, A. & L6ve, D. 1961b)
CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants — Harrison, T. 1931
CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
2n 362×CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Sugiura, T. 1936a ; Bowden, W.M. 1940a
CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants — Sugiura 1936a
2n 241×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Weniger, W. 1917
2n 421×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
CCDB · book-indian_vol1 — Gill, B.S., Chawla, A. & Kanwal, R. 1970, 1971, 1973
n 206×CCDB · ita-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn72 +2
CCDB · ita-fl — D'AMATO F. - 1946. Nuove ricerche embriologiche e cariologiche sul genere Euphorbia.. N. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s. , 53(3-4): 405-436.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Mehra, P. N. & S. P. CHODA. 1978. Cyto-taxonomical studies in the genus Euphorbia L. Cytologia 43: 217–235.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sarkar, A. K. & N. Datta. 1979. Cytological assessment of the family Euphorbiaceae I. Tribe Euphorbieae. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. (III, C) 66: 86.
CCDB · book-ipcn72 — CHODA, S.P., & P.N. MEHRA. 1972. Cytological studies in some Euphorbiaceae. Curr. Sci. (Bangalore) 41: 76.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Mehra & Choda 1978
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
n 192×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Sharma, A. K. 1970. Annual report, 1967-1968. Res. Bull. Univ. Calcutta Cytogenetics Lab. 2: 1–50.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Sharma 1970
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type2 033 records
Wild obs. + sensor1 685
Museum / vouchered345
Cultivated / captive1
Other2
Origin
Introduced2
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO6 164 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy82% within 1 km
≤100 m 773≤1 km 176≤10 km 143>10 km 67
1 159 georeferenced · 526 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor1 685
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy71% within 1 km
≤100 m 22≤1 km 10≤10 km 11>10 km 2
45 georeferenced · 300 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence345
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy
no georeferenced coordinates · 1 records without
Open the mapnot free-living1
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions46 of 96 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Paris, FR | 75 |
| Saint Louis, US | 28 |
| Plocation not on record | 22 |
| Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza (PBZT)location not on record | 22 |
| Universidad del Magdalena (UniMagdalena)location not on record | 10 |
| Durango, MX | 8 |
| Chapingo, MX | 8 |
| Tampa, US | 6 |
| Maringá, BR | 6 |
| UEMAlocation not on record | 6 |
| Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS)location not on record | 5 |
| UnBlocation not on record | 5 |
| Bronx, US | 4 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 4 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 4 |
| Baroda, IN | 4 |
| Puerto Ayora, EC | 4 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| HNBlocation not on record | 3 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 3 |
| Masindi, UG | 3 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 3 |
| CNF-UFHBlocation not on record | 3 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 3 |
| UFMGlocation not on record | 3 |
| Pondicherry, IN | 3 |
| Brussels, BE | 2 |
| Cascavel, BR | 2 |
| Leiden University Medical Centerlocation not on record | 2 |
| Long Beach, US | 2 |
| Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/Lwiro)location not on record | 2 |
| Miami, US | 2 |
| Guilin, CN | 2 |
| Riverside, US | 2 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 2 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 2 |
| Mérida, MX | 2 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 2 |
| Loja, EC | 2 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 2 |
| València, ES | 2 |
| UNESP-FCAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)location not on record | 1 |
| Instituto do Meio Ambientelocation not on record | 1 |
| Brisbane, AU | 1 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 1 |
| Universidade Federal do Ceara, Departamento de Biologialocation not on record | 1 |
| Stockholm, SE | 1 |
| Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus do Pantanallocation not on record | 1 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Feira de Santana, BR | 1 |
| Chengdu, CN | 1 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 1 |
| FUNEDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Millersville, US | 1 |
| INMAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Alicante, ES | 1 |
| Federal University of Espírito Santolocation not on record | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Glocation not on record | 1 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 1 |
| Tuxtla Gutiérrez, MX | 1 |
| Guiyang, CN | 1 |
| Porto Velho, BR | 1 |
| Jinghong, CN | 1 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| UC_PESHlocation not on record | 1 |
| CMULlocation not on record | 1 |
| Fullerton, US | 1 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chaguaramas, TT | 1 |
| Nanjing, CN | 1 |
| Santa Teresa, BR | 1 |
| *unvoucheredlocation not on record | 1 |
| Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHIlocation not on record | 1 |
| HUAlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFESlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNITINSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Henry Brockhouse Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Shanxi Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| BISHlocation not on record | 1 |
| Cruz das Almas, BR | 1 |
| Fortaleza, BR | 1 |
| Brasília, BR | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 1 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 1 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 1 |
| UESBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 1 |
96 institutions · 335 of 345 vouchered records shown · 5 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA40 detections
Where the DNA of Euphorbia milii was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found40
Studies independent surveys1
Countries2
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 40 detections have coordinates
Open the map2 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median17.2 °C 16.3–18.2
Seasonal swing summer↔winter12.4 °C
Max temp (day)22.5 °C 21.7–23.2
Min temp (night)11.1 °C 9.60–12.6
Precipitation98.3 mm/mo 46.8–150
Air humidity56.6 % 54.9–58.3
Moisture balance-7.90 mm/mo -41.3–25.6
Vapour deficit850 Pa 834–866
Wind speed2.80 m/s
Cloud cover28.7 % 26.2–31.2
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 2 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.