Euphorbia lathyris
speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records109 820
Data sources13
Biological traits72
DNA specimens19
eDNA detections13
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Euphorbia lathyris's data was compiled from.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility109 820 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI13 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics19 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinegenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Tree of SexTree of Sex Consortiumgenome & karyotype↗On this page7 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements5 literature sources72 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS · NPASS149 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF109 820 records
Environmental DNA1 datasets · 5 countries13 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD19 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT · TreeOfSex1.2 Gbp
01Narrative
L'épurge, euphorbe des jardins ou euphorbe épurge, est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Euphorbiaceae. C'est une plante herbacée bisannuelle assez commune en Europe, parfois cultivée dans les jardins.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesGIFTAusTraitsLEDATRYWCVP
Size & morphology29
Fruit length11 mm
Fruit length max12 mm
Fruit length min9 mm
Fruit width13.5 mm
Fruit width max10 mm
Fruit width min8 mm
Inflorescence length max0.5 cm
Inflorescence length min0.4 cm
Leaf length105 mm
Leaf length max160 mm
Leaf length min30 mm
Leaf mass45.93 mg
Leaf size942 mm²
⚠ sources differ — LEDA: 942 mm² · GIFT: 1 883 mm²
Leaf width8.5 mm
Leaf width max25 mm
Leaf width min3 mm
Plant height0.675 m
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.675 m · AusTraits: 1.25 m · LEDA: 0.6 m · TRY: 0.85 m
Plant height generative0.6 m
Plant height max1.5 m
Plant height min0.1 m
Seed length5.11 mm
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 5.11 mm · AusTraits: 6 mm · GIFT: 5 mm
Seed length max6 mm
Seed length min5 mm
Seed mass32.48 mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 32.48 mg · LEDA: 47.77 mg · GIFT: 35.73 mg
Seed mass max40.3 mg
Seed mass min3.2 mg
Seed width4 mm
Seed width max4 mm
Seed width min3 mm
Life cycle & reproduction17
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dehiscencedehiscent
Dispersal typeself
Flower colouryellow
Flowering endAug
Flowering startJun
Flowering timeyynnnnnnnnny
Life formbiennial
Life spanBiennial
⚠ sources differ — TRY: Biennial · AusTraits: biennial · LEDA: strict monocarpic bi-annuals and poly-annuals · GIFT: biennial
Lifespan years1.5 years
Pollination modebiotic
Pollination syndromeinsect
Raunkiær life formtherophyte
Reproduction asexualabsent
Seed number435
Self fertilizationabsent
Sex typemonoecious
⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: monoecious · GIFT: bisexual
Diet & foraging2
Carnivorynon-carnivorous
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment14
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Elevation max2 647 m
Elevation min0 m
Epiphyteterrestrial
Fruit typecapsule
Growth formherb
Habitat GIFTLowland
Leaf compoundnesssimple
Leaf formlinear
Leaf shapelanceolate linear oblong ovate triangular
Mycorrhiza typearbuscular
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry4
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)175 mg/g
Nitrogen fixingnon_nitrogen_fixer
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Specific leaf area (SLA)24.31 mm²/mg
⚠ sources differ — LEDA: 24.31 mm²/mg · GIFT: 22.93 mm²/mg
Other traits6
Diaspore typeseed
Inflorescencecyme
Leaf arrangementopposite
Monocarpymonocarp
Seeds per fruit101-1000
Shoot orientationerect
03Chemical composition149 compounds
Compounds documented for Euphorbia lathyris across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Lathyrane diterpenoids48
Hydrocarbons8
Simple coumarins8
Taraxerane triterpenoids8
Stigmastane steroids6
Documented compounds149 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (-)-(12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6R,9S,11S,15R)-15-acetoxy-5,6-epoxylathyr-12-en-3-ol-14-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1,11-Diacetyloxy-3,6,6,14-tetramethyl-10-methylidene-2-oxo-13-tricyclo[10.3.0.05,7]pentadec-3-enyl) pyridine-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS | |
| (10-Acetyloxy-12-benzoyloxy-1-hydroxy-2,5,5,13-tetramethyl-9-methylidene-15-oxo-8-tricyclo[9.3.1.04,6]pentadec-2-enyl) benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| (11-Acetyloxy-13-benzoyloxy-1-hydroxy-3,6,6,14-tetramethyl-10-methylidene-2-oxo-9-tricyclo[10.3.0.05,7]pentadec-3-enyl) benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| (16-Hydroxy-4,8,8,11,15-pentamethyl-12-oxo-3-oxatetracyclo[11.3.0.02,4.07,9]hexadec-10-en-13-yl) 3-phenylprop-2-enoate | present | LOTUS | |
| (1aR,2E,4aR,6S,7S,7aR,8R,11aS)-1,1a,4a,5,6,7,7a,8,9,10,11,11a-Dodecahydro-4a,7,8-trihydroxy-1,1,3,6-tetramethyl-9-methylene-4H-cyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[f]cycloundecen-4-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9R,11aR,11bS,13aS,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bS,13aR,13bR)-3a-(hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,3R,6S,8S,11S,12S,15R,16R)-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (3R,3aR,5aS,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one | present | LOTUS |
05DNA & barcoding19 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Euphorbia lathyris has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens19
Marker genes5
eDNA detections13
Countries5
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT · TreeOfSex · NCBI
The complete instruction manual Euphorbia lathyris carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size1 232 280 000 bp
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
THIS GENOME Euphorbia lathyris1.23 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 20 n = 10
Ploidydiploid inferred
Chromosome records20–202n range20median20mode19records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 2019×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Tree of Sex Database · CCDB · brit-fl +8
GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew
GoaT · Tree of Sex Database — ↗
CCDB · brit-fl — Dempsey, R.E., Gornall, R.J., Bailey, J.P. Watsonia 20: 63-66 (1994)
CCDB · iber-fl — Contribuiao para o conhecimento citotaxonmico das spermatophyta de Portugal. XI. Euphorbiaceae Queirs, M.Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 249: 143-161(1975).
CCDB · iber-fl — Nmeros cromosmicos para la flora espaola, 225-239. Garca, I. & B. Valds.Lagascalia10(2): 241-247(1981).
CCDB · nw-europe-fl — http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3104
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Ge, C. j. & Y. k. Li. 1989. Observation on the chromosome numbers of medicinal plants of Shandong Province (II). Chin. Traditional Herbal Drugs 20(6): 34–35.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Dempsey, R. E., R. J. Gornall & J. P. Bailey. 1994. Contributions to a cytological catalogue of the British and Irish flora, 4. Watsonia 20: 63–66.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Wang, Y. h., J. s. Ma & Q. r. Liu. 1999. Karyotypes of eight species of Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from China. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 37(4): 394–402.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Garcia, I. & B. VALDES. 1981. In Numeros cromosomicos para la flora EspaPiola. 182-256. Lagascalia 10: 225–256.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Queiros, M. 1975a. Contribuicao para o conhecimento citotaxonomico das Spermatophyta de Portugal. XI. Euphorbiaceae. Bol. Soc. Brot., sér. 2 49: 143–161.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — HURUSAWA, I. & S. SHIMOYAMA. 1976. Die Mannigfaltigkeit der Chromosomenzahl bei der Gattung Euphorbia. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen 52: 255–266.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Hurusawa & Shimoyama 1976
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Queiros 197 Sa
CCDB · eflora
CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — García, I. & Valdés, B. (1981). Números cromosómicos para la flora española, 225-239. Lagascalia 10(2): 241-247
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Queirós, M. (1975b). Contribuiçao para o conhecimento citotaxonómico das Spermatophyta de Portugal. XI. Euphorbiaceae. Bol. Soc. Brot. 49: 143-161.
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
n 104×CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015 +1
CCDB · iber-fl — Nmeros cromosmicos para la flora espaola, 225-239. Garca, I. & B. Valds.Lagascalia10(2): 241-247(1981).
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Garcia, I. & B. VALDES. 1981. In Numeros cromosomicos para la flora EspaPiola. 182-256. Lagascalia 10: 225–256.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — García, I. & Valdés, B. (1981). Números cromosómicos para la flora española, 225-239. Lagascalia 10(2): 241-247
TreeOfSex · plant — Goldblatt1979 ↗
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=0.520 ↗
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Assembly levelChromosome
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type109 820 records
Wild obs. + sensor107 762
Museum / vouchered1 840
Cultivated / captive15
Other203
Origin
Native66
Introduced4 338
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO209 352 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy58% within 1 km
≤100 m 43 058≤1 km 8 692≤10 km 36 917>10 km 404
89 071 georeferenced · 18 691 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor107 762
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy51% within 1 km
≤100 m 158≤1 km 206≤10 km 310>10 km 35
709 georeferenced · 1 131 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence1 840
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy0% within 1 km
≤10 km 1>10 km 3
4 georeferenced · 11 without coordinates
Open the mapnot free-living15
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions126 of 193 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| BFLlocation not on record | 125 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 112 |
| Paris, FR | 74 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 58 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 58 |
| Canberra, AU | 56 |
| Beijing, CN | 50 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 42 |
| Hobart, AU | 39 |
| Chicago, US | 35 |
| Auckland, NZ | 31 |
| Claremont, US | 28 |
| Corvallis, US | 28 |
| Tokushima, JP | 27 |
| Riverside, US | 26 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 25 |
| Adelaide, AU | 24 |
| Kunming, CN | 24 |
| Wellington, NZ | 22 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 20 |
| Wuhan, CN | 20 |
| San Diego, US | 19 |
| LDlocation not on record | 19 |
| Nanjing, CN | 19 |
| MAlocation not on record | 19 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 18 |
| Bern, CH | 18 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 18 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 18 |
| CASlocation not on record | 18 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 17 |
| Guiyang, CN | 17 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 17 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 15 |
| Barcelona, ES | 15 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 15 |
| Salzburg, AT | 15 |
| Chengdu, CN | 14 |
| US | 13 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 13 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 13 |
| South Kensington, GB | 13 |
| Görlitz, DE | 13 |
| Brisbane, AU | 12 |
| Guilin, CN | 12 |
| Vitoria, ES | 12 |
| Davis, US | 11 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 11 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 11 |
| Brussel, BE | 10 |
| Yangling, CN | 10 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 10 |
| Austin, US | 9 |
| València, ES | 8 |
| Philadelphia, US | 7 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 7 |
| Armidale, AU | 7 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 7 |
| St. Paul, US | 7 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 6 |
| Kensington, AU | 6 |
| Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Scienceslocation not on record | 6 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 6 |
| Durango, MX | 6 |
| San Sebastián, ES | 6 |
| Salamanca, ES | 5 |
| Bronx, US | 5 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 5 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 5 |
| Granada, ES | 4 |
| Arcata, US | 4 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 4 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 4 |
| College Park, US | 4 |
| Kochi, JP | 4 |
| Irvine, US | 4 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 4 |
| Guiyang, CN | 4 |
| Xining, CN | 4 |
| Zürich, CH | 3 |
| San Jose, US | 3 |
| Bangkok, TH | 3 |
| Madison, US | 3 |
| Angwin, US | 3 |
| Olocation not on record | 3 |
| Millersville, US | 3 |
| Changsha, CN | 3 |
| UGentlocation not on record | 3 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| Fairfax, US | 3 |
| Glarus, CH | 3 |
| Batemans Bay, AU | 3 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 3 |
| Los Angeles, US | 3 |
| Mlocation not on record | 3 |
| Wlocation not on record | 3 |
| Winterthur, CH | 2 |
| Bourges, FR | 2 |
| Allentown, US | 2 |
| Fort Bragg, US | 2 |
| Madrid, ES | 2 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 2 |
| Vancouver, CA | 2 |
| Staten Island, US | 2 |
| Morgantown, US | 2 |
| Zürich, CH | 2 |
| Portland, US | 2 |
| UChlocation not on record | 2 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 2 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 2 |
| Davenport, US | 2 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 2 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 2 |
| BClocation not on record | 2 |
| Berlin, DE | 2 |
| Chengdu, CN | 2 |
| JBSlocation not on record | 2 |
| Bergen, NO | 2 |
| Wuhan, CN | 2 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 2 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Nagasaki University - Fisherieslocation not on record | 2 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 2 |
| Strecker Museum, Baylor Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Saint Louis, US | 1 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 1 |
| Parthenon Tama History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Podgorica, ME | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 1 |
| KURAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Jaén, ES | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| Zapopan, MX | 1 |
| Alicante, ES | 1 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 1 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 1 |
| Seoul, KR | 1 |
| Musée des Confluenceslocation not on record | 1 |
| SNSNMClocation not on record | 1 |
| Tilburg, NL | 1 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Long Beach, US | 1 |
| Wollongong, AU | 1 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 1 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 1 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 1 |
| University of British Columbia, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| ROM007location not on record | 1 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 1 |
| Badajoz, ES | 1 |
| Sagamihara, JP | 1 |
| Tuxtla Gutiérrez, MX | 1 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 1 |
| H-Dunkellocation not on record | 1 |
| Norfolk, US | 1 |
| Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Academia Sinicalocation not on record | 1 |
| Burlington, US | 1 |
| OLAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Namur, BE | 1 |
| Mexico City, MX | 1 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 1 |
| KIRMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Boise, US | 1 |
| Turlock, US | 1 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| UIBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tartu, EE | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| Smithfield, AU | 1 |
| BGPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
| QVMAGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chengdu, CN | 1 |
| Palmerston North, NZ | 1 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 1 |
| San Diego Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Albuquerque, US | 1 |
| Northridge, US | 1 |
| Xiamen, CN | 1 |
| Bloomington, US | 1 |
| Hangzhou, CN | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| ULBF-AGRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Zhejiang Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
193 institutions · 1 703 of 1 840 vouchered records shown · 127 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA13 detections
Where the DNA of Euphorbia lathyris was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found13
Studies independent surveys1
Countries5
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 13 detections have coordinates
Open the map5 countries0
Riparian/Coastal Sage Scrub with Salix spp.,…weed
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median15.3 °C 14.3–17.6
Seasonal swing summer↔winter12.0 °C
Max temp (day)20.1 °C 17.0–21.9
Min temp (night)10.9 °C 9.80–13.5
Precipitation61.1 mm/mo 29.4–78.2
Air humidity60.7 % 56.3–62.9
Moisture balance-47.8 mm/mo -82.4–-35.5
Vapour deficit746 Pa 611–903
Wind speed2.70 m/s 2.20–4.60
Cloud cover40.6 % 31.4–49.8
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 8 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.