Euonymus hamiltonianus
Wall. · speciesAt a glance
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Euonymus hamiltonianus's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation7 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 492 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI39 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics11 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Euonymus hamiltonianus, known by the common names Hamilton's spindletree and Himalayan spindle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. It is native to Asia, where it is distributed in Afghanistan, Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Thailand, and Myanmar. This is one of the most common Euonymus species.Euonymus hamiltonianus. Flora of China. It is cultivated in gardens and landscapes in other parts of the world.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology16
Life cycle & reproduction4
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment9
Physiology & chemistry2
Compounds documented for Euonymus hamiltonianus across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds16 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1S,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bS,12aS,14aS,14bR)-2,2,4a,6a,6a,9,9,14a-octamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6b,7,10,11,12,12a,13,14,14b-tetradecahydropicen-1-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4aS,6aS,6aS,8aR,11S,12aR,14aS,14bR)-2,2,4a,6a,6a,9,9,14a-octamethyl-1,5,6,8,8a,10,11,12,12a,13,14,14b-dodecahydropicene-1,11-diol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,4aR,6aS,6aS,6bR,7S,8aR,10S,12aR,14aS,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-hexadecahydropicene-2,7,10-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| 3-[(1R,3R,5R,8R,9R,10S,13R,14S,17R)-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,14-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2H-furan-5-one | present | LOTUS | |
| 3-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrofuro[3,2-h]chromen-8-one | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-12-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-4,5-bis[[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy]-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] benzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-12-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-4,5-bis[[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy]-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-12-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-4-(furan-3-carbonyloxy)-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-5-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-12-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-5-(furan-3-carbonyloxy)-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-4-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-2,12-dihydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-4,5-bis[[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy]-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Euonymus hamiltonianus has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Euonymus hamiltonianus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 321×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
n 164×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 +1
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Record type2 492 records
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions42 of 87 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Beijing, CN | 565 |
| Chengdu, CN | 257 |
| Kunming, CN | 171 |
| Wuhan, CN | 105 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 97 |
| Chengdu, CN | 78 |
| Guilin, CN | 63 |
| Hangzhou, CN | 40 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 40 |
| Herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Tokyolocation not on record | 19 |
| Guiyang, CN | 16 |
| Central China Normal Universitylocation not on record | 16 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 16 |
| Central China Agricultural Universitylocation not on record | 15 |
| NSMKlocation not on record | 15 |
| Cambridge, US | 14 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 14 |
| Omachi Alpine Museumlocation not on record | 13 |
| Guiyang, CN | 11 |
| Seoul, KR | 11 |
| Anhui Normal Universitylocation not on record | 11 |
| Philadelphia, US | 10 |
| South Kensington, GB | 9 |
| Guiyang, CN | 9 |
| Kyoto Universitylocation not on record | 9 |
| Korea National Arboretumlocation not on record | 9 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 8 |
| KOMlocation not on record | 7 |
| Plocation not on record | 7 |
| Institute for Agricultural Bacteriology and Fermentation Biologylocation not on record | 7 |
| Servico de Microbiologia e Imunologialocation not on record | 6 |
| Zhejiang Universitylocation not on record | 6 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 5 |
| QAUlocation not on record | 5 |
| Bronx, US | 5 |
| Nanchong, CN | 5 |
| Nanjing, CN | 5 |
| Shanghai, CN | 5 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 5 |
| Taipei, TW | 5 |
| Nagasaki University - Fisherieslocation not on record | 4 |
| Chongqing Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Nanjing, CN | 3 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 3 |
| Shanghai, CN | 3 |
| Jishou Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| Wlocation not on record | 3 |
| Elocation not on record | 3 |
| Univesity of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 3 |
| Yunnan Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| Port Elizabeth Museum (Bayworld)location not on record | 2 |
| Strecker Museum, Baylor Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Herbarium of South China Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 2 |
| Kew, GB | 2 |
| Xining, CN | 2 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 2 |
| SCAUlocation not on record | 2 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 2 |
| Changsha, CN | 2 |
| Auckland, NZ | 2 |
| Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 2 |
| Xian, CN | 2 |
| Chengdu, CN | 1 |
| htclocation not on record | 1 |
| Vancouver, CA | 1 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 1 |
| 黔东南州民族医药研究所标本室location not on record | 1 |
| Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botanylocation not on record | 1 |
| Wuhan, CN | 1 |
| Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Scienceslocation not on record | 1 |
| DMZ botanic gardenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Lincoln, US | 1 |
| Xinxiang, CN | 1 |
| Universität Göttingenlocation not on record | 1 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 1 |
| Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratorieslocation not on record | 1 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 1 |
| GNWPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Yangling, CN | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| Bangkok, TH | 1 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 1 |
| JMSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 1 |
| DNSMlocation not on record | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Euonymus hamiltonianus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.