Euonymus europaeus
speciesAt a glance
Sources16 archives
Databases and archives Euonymus europaeus's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation12 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility434 056 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI16 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics38 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Euonymus europaeus, the spindle, European spindle, or common spindle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to much of Europe, where it inhabits the edges of forest, hedges and gentle slopes, tending to thrive on nutrient-rich, chalky and salt-poor soils. It is a deciduous shrub or small tree.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology18
Life cycle & reproduction15
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment12
Physiology & chemistry9
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Euonymus europaeus across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds32 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Armepavine | present | NPASS | |
| (-)-Haplomyrfolin | present | NPASS | |
| (3R,4R)-3-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one | present | NPASS | |
| (5S,5Ar,8Ar)-5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-Yl)-5A,8,8A,9-Tetrahydro-5H-[2]Benzofuro[5,6-F][1,3]Benzodioxol-6-One | present | NPASS | |
| 3-[(3S,5R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-14-hydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-13-methyl-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-2H-furan-5-one | present | LOTUS | |
| 3-Furoic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| 4-((6,7-Dimethoxy-2-Methyl-3,4-Dihydro-1H-Isoquinolin-1-Yl)Methyl)Phenol | present | LOTUS | |
| 8-Hydroxydictamnine | present | NPASS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-12-acetyloxy-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-4-(furan-3-carbonyloxy)-2-hydroxy-2,10,10-trimethyl-5-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS | |
| [(1S,2S,4S,5R,6R,7S,9R,12R)-4-(furan-3-carbonyloxy)-2,12-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2,10,10-trimethyl-5-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-11-oxatricyclo[7.2.1.01,6]dodecan-7-yl] furan-3-carboxylate | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Euonymus europaeus has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Euonymus europaeus carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 6419×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · slov-fl · CCDB · poland +5
2n 3211×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · CCDB · brit-fl · CCDB · nw-europe-fl +1
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
How it livedPBDB
Record type434 056 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions123 of 211 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 7 646 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 711 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 511 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 493 |
| LDlocation not on record | 255 |
| Paris, FR | 205 |
| UniKSlocation not on record | 171 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 143 |
| Uppsala, SE | 130 |
| Görlitz, DE | 110 |
| Salzburg, AT | 100 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 89 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 79 |
| Mlocation not on record | 77 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 69 |
| Tartu, EE | 67 |
| Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowielocation not on record | 61 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 58 |
| MAlocation not on record | 58 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 47 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 45 |
| Olocation not on record | 42 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 41 |
| Vitoria, ES | 38 |
| Barcelona, ES | 37 |
| València, ES | 32 |
| Philadelphia, US | 32 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 32 |
| Madison, US | 30 |
| Berlin, DE | 29 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 28 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 28 |
| Salamanca, ES | 28 |
| Saint Louis, US | 28 |
| Wlocation not on record | 28 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 23 |
| San Sebastián, ES | 23 |
| Uniwersytet Opolskilocation not on record | 23 |
| Denver, US | 23 |
| South Kensington, GB | 23 |
| New Haven, US | 22 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 20 |
| Helsinki, FI | 19 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 18 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 17 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 17 |
| Dresden, DE | 16 |
| University of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 16 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 16 |
| Bern, CH | 15 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 14 |
| Voronezh State Universitylocation not on record | 14 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 14 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 12 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 12 |
| Burlington, US | 11 |
| Bronx, US | 11 |
| Bangkok, TH | 11 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 10 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 10 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 10 |
| Vancouver, CA | 10 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 10 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 10 |
| Philadelphia, US | 10 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 10 |
| Lincoln, US | 9 |
| Philadelphia, US | 9 |
| Tallinn, EE | 9 |
| Staten Island, US | 8 |
| Stockholm, SE | 8 |
| Emporia, US | 8 |
| Madrid, ES | 8 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 8 |
| PRClocation not on record | 7 |
| College Park, US | 7 |
| Auckland, NZ | 7 |
| Wellington, NZ | 7 |
| Corvallis, US | 7 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 7 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 6 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 6 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 6 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 6 |
| Portland, US | 6 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 6 |
| Pullman, US | 5 |
| Glarus, CH | 5 |
| Riverside, US | 5 |
| Adelaide, AU | 5 |
| Royal Botanical Gardenslocation not on record | 5 |
| Green Bay, US | 5 |
| Zürich, CH | 5 |
| Toronto, CA | 5 |
| Hobart, AU | 5 |
| Durham, US | 5 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 5 |
| Boise, US | 5 |
| Madrid, ES | 4 |
| Ivano-Frankove, UA | 4 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 4 |
| Taipei, TW | 4 |
| Caldwell, US | 4 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 4 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 4 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Portland, US | 4 |
| BClocation not on record | 4 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 4 |
| Bergen, NO | 4 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 4 |
| Zürich, CH | 4 |
| Pamplona, ES | 4 |
| Bourges, FR | 3 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 3 |
| Kew, GB | 3 |
| OLAlocation not on record | 3 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 3 |
| Pamplona, ES | 3 |
| Dekalb, US | 3 |
| Jaén, ES | 3 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 3 |
| Granada, ES | 3 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 3 |
| Columbia, US | 3 |
| Canberra, AU | 3 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 3 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 3 |
| Trondheim, NO | 3 |
| Podgorica, ME | 3 |
| Alicante, ES | 3 |
| Chicago, US | 3 |
| Allentown, US | 3 |
| Bloomington, US | 3 |
| Xiamen, CN | 2 |
| Dover, US | 2 |
| Oswego, US | 2 |
| Keene State Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Namur, BE | 2 |
| St. Paul, US | 2 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 2 |
| Tilburg, NL | 2 |
| Beijing, CN | 2 |
| Lake Charles, US | 2 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Mount Pleasant, US | 2 |
| Millersville, US | 2 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 2 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 2 |
| Fairfax, US | 2 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 2 |
| Québec, CA | 2 |
| New Brunswick, US | 2 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 2 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 2 |
| BGBMlocation not on record | 2 |
| UNESP-FCAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Sion, CH | 2 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Mississippi State, US | 1 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| Flagstaff, US | 1 |
| Fulda, DE | 1 |
| UoB-IBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 1 |
| UNESP-RClocation not on record | 1 |
| John May Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR)location not on record | 1 |
| Hudson, US | 1 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 1 |
| Provo, US | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| Turku, FI | 1 |
| Claremont, US | 1 |
| Chadron, US | 1 |
| Mexico City, MX | 1 |
| Firenze, IT | 1 |
| AUT001location not on record | 1 |
| Göteborg, SE | 1 |
| Oulu, FI | 1 |
| University of Wisconsinlocation not on record | 1 |
| Musée des Confluenceslocation not on record | 1 |
| Davenport, US | 1 |
| Badajoz, ES | 1 |
| HAWlocation not on record | 1 |
| Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record | 1 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 1 |
| SGAV-and-NHMDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Hulllocation not on record | 1 |
| Williamsburg, US | 1 |
| Waverly, US | 1 |
| JBCLMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Norfolk, US | 1 |
| Lausanne, CH | 1 |
| Royal Ontario Museum, Green Plant Herbarium (TRT)location not on record | 1 |
| Herb. BBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Corrientes, AR | 1 |
| H-Dueringlocation not on record | 1 |
| Jackson, US | 1 |
| Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocagelocation not on record | 1 |
| Henry Brockhouse Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Porvoo, FI | 1 |
| Monastir, TN | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Selma to Montgomery National Historic Traillocation not on record | 1 |
| Fayetteville, US | 1 |
| Gijón, ES | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Euonymus europaeus was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.