Size & morphology5
Plant height0.61 m
Plant height generative0.392 m
Seed mass1.58 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 1.58 mg · GIFT: 2.08 mg
Seed mass max3.06 mg
Seed mass min1.15 mg
Life cycle & reproduction25
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodMid Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGray-Green
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureFine
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · TRY: Graminoid
Growth form USDABunch
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min10 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry24
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceLow
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min100 days
Leaf C:N ratio33.47 g/g
Leaf c422 mg/g
Leaf n12.6 mg/g
Leaf p1.77 mg/g
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayunknown
Precipitation max16 in
Precipitation min6 in
Protein potentialLow
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max7.5 pH
Soil pH min6 pH
Temperature min-23 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityField Collections Only
Fodder productYes
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalMedium
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound225 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo