Size & morphology4
Plant height0.61 m⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.61 m · USDA: 0.61 m · TRY: 0.216 m
Seed mass0.477 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 0.477 mg · GIFT: 1.73 mg
Seed mass max1.45 mg
Seed mass min1.45 mg
Life cycle & reproduction25
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodSummer
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDASlow
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateModerate
Seedling vigorHigh
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring, Summer, Fall
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · TRY: Graminoid
Growth form USDABunch
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassYes
Root depth min12 in
Shape and orientationSemi-Erect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry22
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min90 days
Leaf c426 mg/g
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)333 mg/g
Leaf n20.34 mg/g
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max20 in
Precipitation min6 in
Protein potentialLow
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max7.6 pH
Soil pH min6 pH
Temperature min-28 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityContracting Only
Fodder productYes
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalHigh
Palatable graze animalHigh
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound225 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo