Epilobium montanum
speciesAt a glance
Occurrence records348 991
Data sources12
Biological traits52
DNA specimens39
eDNA detections18
Sources12 archives
Databases and archives Epilobium montanum's data was compiled from.
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility348 991 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI18 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics39 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗On this page7 sections
Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
NarrativeWikipediaarticle
Traits & measurements4 literature sources52 traits
Chemical compositionLOTUS5 compounds
Occurrence & distributionGBIF348 991 records
Environmental DNA1 datasets · 5 countries18 detections
DNA & barcodingBOLD39 specimens
Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT342 Mbp
01Narrative
Epilobium montanum, l'épilobe des montagnes, est une espèce de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Onagraceae. C'est une plante herbacée vivace qui se trouve en Europe et en Asie également dans des régions de basse altitude.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
02Traits & measurements
SourcesGIFTLEDATRYWCVP
Size & morphology22
Leaf length max60 mm
Leaf mass81.71 mg
Leaf size3 162 mm²
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 3 162 mm² · LEDA: 1 774 mm² · GIFT: 2 187 mm²
Leaf width25 mm
Leaf width max25 mm
Leaf width min25 mm
Plant height0.475 m
⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 0.475 m · LEDA: 0.4 m · TRY: 0.45 m
Plant height generative0.44 m
Plant height max1 m
Plant height min0.1 m
Seed length1.15 mm
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 1.15 mm · GIFT: 1 mm
Seed length max1 mm
Seed length min1 mm
Seed mass0.115 mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 0.115 mg · LEDA: 0.127 mg · GIFT: 0.115 mg
Seed mass max0.13 mg
Seed mass min0.05 mg
Seed volume0.14 mm³
Seed volume max0.14 mm³
Seed volume min0.14 mm³
Seed width0.5 mm
Seed width max0.5 mm
Seed width min0.5 mm
Life cycle & reproduction13
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dehiscencedehiscent
Dispersal typewater
⚠ sources differ — LEDA: nautochor · GIFT: anemochorous
Flowering endSep
Flowering startJun
Life formperennial
Life spanperennial
Pollination modebiotic
Pollination syndromeinsect
Raunkiær life formhemicryptophyte
Reproduction asexualabsent
Seed number1 710
Self fertilizationpresent
Diet & foraging2
Carnivorynon-carnivorous
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment10
Aquaticterrestrial
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Fruit fleshinessdry
Fruit typecapsule
Growth formherb
Habitat GIFTforest, forest edges, mountains, shrubberies
Mycorrhiza typearbuscular
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry4
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)229 mg/g
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Seed longevity index0.5
Specific leaf area (SLA)32.91 mm²/mg
⚠ sources differ — TRY: 32.91 mm²/mg · LEDA: 26.7 mm²/mg · GIFT: 27.45 mm²/mg
Other traits1
Diaspore typegenerative dispersule
03Chemical composition5 compounds
Compounds documented for Epilobium montanum across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile2 classes
Flavonols3
Gallotannins2
Documented compounds5 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| [(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,5,13,21,22,23-heptahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-12-yl] 2-[[(10S,11S,12R,13S,15R)-3,4,5,12,22,23-hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,13-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-21-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | present | LOTUS | |
| Myricetin 3-glucoside | present | LOTUS | |
| Myricitrin | present | LOTUS | |
| Oenothein B | present | LOTUS | |
| Quercitrin | present | LOTUS |
05DNA & barcoding39 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Epilobium montanum has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens39
Marker genes5
eDNA detections18
Countries6
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS★ITS2
plant barcodefungal barcode
06Genome at a glanceCCDB · GoaT
The complete instruction manual Epilobium montanum carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size342 300 000 bp
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
THIS GENOME Epilobium montanum0.34 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
Chromosomes2n = 36 n = 18
Ploidydiploid inferred
Chromosome records18–362n range36median36mode33records
Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references
2n 3631×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · CCDB · ita-fl · CCDB · slov-fl +8
GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew
CCDB · ita-fl — LOEVE A., LOEVE D. - 1982. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVI.. Taxon , 31(3): 583-587.
CCDB · slov-fl — Májovský J. et al., 1970b: Index of chromosome numbers of Slovakian flora Part 2. - Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comen., Bot. 18: 45-60.
CCDB · iapt
CCDB · brit-fl — Raven, P.H., Moore, D.M. Watsonia 6: 36-38 (1964)
CCDB · brit-fl — Thakur, V. (1965)
CCDB · nw-europe-fl — http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3048
CCDB · poland — Izmai?ow R. 1977. Cytological studies in Polish representatives of the genus Epilobium L. Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Bot. 20, 101-111.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Arohonka, T. 1982. Chromosome counts of vascular plants of the island Seili in Nauvo, southwestern Finland. Turun Yliopiston Julkaisuja, Sar. A 2, Biol.-Geogr. 3: 1–12.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Love, A. & D. Love. 1982. In: IOPB chromosome number reports LXXVI. Taxon 31: 583–587.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Dmitrieva, S. A. 1986. Chromosome numbers in some species of vascular plants from Byelorussia. Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 71: 1145–1147.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Semerenko, L. V. 1990. Chromosome numbers of some flowering plants from the Berezinsky Biosphere Reservation (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic). Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 279–282.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Krasnikov, A. A. & D. N. Schaulo. 1990. Chromosome numbers in representatives of some families of vascular plants in the flora of the Novosibirsk region. II. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118–120.
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Izmailow 1977
CCDB · book-ipcn75-78 — Hair 1977
CCDB · book-fedorov — HAkansson 1924b
CCDB · book-fedorov — Schwemmle 1924
CCDB · book-fedorov — Tischler 1934
CCDB · book-fedorov — Hara H. 1952
CCDB · book-fedorov — Gagnieu, Linder 1954, 1955 (L. 1961)
CCDB · book-fedorov — Raven, Moore 1964
CCDB · book-fedorov — Gadella, Kliphuis 1966
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Arohonka, T. (1982). Kromosomilukumäärityksiä Nauvon Seilin saaren putkilokasveista. (Chromosome counts of vascular plants of the island Seiliin Nauvo, SW Finland) Turun Yliopiston Biologian Laitoksen Julkaisuja 3: 1-12.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Dmitrieva, S. A. (1986a). Chromosome numbers in some species of vascular plants from Byelorussia. Bot. Žurn. 71: 1145-1147.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Izmailow R. (1977). Cytological studies in Polish representatives of the genus Epilobium L. Acta Biol. Cracov. Ser. Bot. 20(1-2): 101-111.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Krasnikov, A. A. & Schaulo, D. N. (1990). Chromosome numbers in representatives of some families of vascular plants in the flora of the Novosibirsk region. II Botani?eskij Žurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 75: 118-120
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Löve, A. & Löve, D. (1982c). Reports [In Löve, A. (ed.), IOPB chromosome numbers reports LXXVI]. Taxon 31(3): 583-587.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Semerenko, L. V. (1990). Chromosome numbers of some flowering plants from the Berezinsky Biosphere Reservation (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic). Bot. Žurn. 75: 279-282.
CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 22
CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 34
2n 182×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Stepanov, N. V. 1994. Chromosome numbers of some higher plants taxa of the flora of Krasnoyarsk region. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 79(2): 135–139.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Stepanov, N. V. (1994a). Chromosome numbers of some higher plants taxa of the flora of Krasnoyarsk region. Bot. Žurn. 79(2): 135-139.
n 183×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Seavey, S. R. & P. H. RAVEN. 1977. Chromosomal evolution in Epilobium sect. Epilobium (Onagraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 107–119.
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Castroviejo & al. (2003). Flora Iberica (vol. I-VIII, X, XIV) Publicaciones del CSIC Madrid
CCDB · CromoCat 2015 — Seavey, S. R. & Raven, P. H. (1977a). Chromosome evolution in Epilobium sect. Epilobium (Onagraceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 127: 107-119.
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type348 991 records
Wild obs. + sensor330 785
Museum / vouchered15 318
Cultivated / captive196
Other2 692
Origin
Native34 327
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO448 216 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy49% within 1 km
≤100 m 66 783≤1 km 78 301≤10 km 148 988>10 km 1 908
295 980 georeferenced · 34 805 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor330 785
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy48% within 1 km
≤100 m 2 487≤1 km 2 894≤10 km 4 428>10 km 1 423
11 232 georeferenced · 4 086 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence15 318
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy0% within 1 km
>10 km 13
13 georeferenced · 183 without coordinates
Open the mapnot free-living196
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions84 of 180 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 3 425 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 1 582 |
| Helsinki, FI | 1 213 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 796 |
| LDlocation not on record | 663 |
| Olocation not on record | 499 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 426 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 343 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 307 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 306 |
| Salzburg, AT | 296 |
| Trondheim, NO | 274 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 239 |
| Oulu, FI | 227 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 224 |
| Bergen, NO | 194 |
| Tallinn, EE | 180 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 175 |
| Turku, FI | 170 |
| Tartu, EE | 164 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 158 |
| Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowielocation not on record | 141 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 131 |
| Görlitz, DE | 117 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 115 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 103 |
| Philadelphia, US | 81 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 80 |
| Kuopio, FI | 79 |
| Berlin, DE | 73 |
| Barcelona, ES | 71 |
| South Kensington, GB | 69 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 64 |
| Uppsala, SE | 64 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 62 |
| MAlocation not on record | 50 |
| Zürich, CH | 50 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 47 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 43 |
| Mlocation not on record | 41 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 33 |
| Uniwersytet Jagiellońskilocation not on record | 33 |
| València, ES | 29 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 28 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 27 |
| Bern, CH | 26 |
| BClocation not on record | 26 |
| Wlocation not on record | 26 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 25 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 23 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 21 |
| Porvoo, FI | 20 |
| Vitoria, ES | 19 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 18 |
| Zürich, CH | 18 |
| Irkutsk State Universitylocation not on record | 17 |
| Tsukuba, JP | 16 |
| Stockholm, SE | 16 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 16 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 16 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 15 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 14 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 13 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 13 |
| Salamanca, ES | 13 |
| Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 12 |
| Dresden, DE | 12 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 12 |
| Otaru, JP | 10 |
| Madrid, ES | 9 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 9 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 9 |
| Herb. BBGlocation not on record | 9 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 9 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 8 |
| John May Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 7 |
| Winterthur, CH | 7 |
| Glarus, CH | 7 |
| Bourges, FR | 7 |
| Forssa, FI | 7 |
| nbflocation not on record | 7 |
| PRClocation not on record | 7 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 7 |
| KIRMlocation not on record | 6 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 6 |
| Voronezh State Universitylocation not on record | 6 |
| Pamplona, ES | 5 |
| Wellington, NZ | 5 |
| Pamplona, ES | 4 |
| Vancouver, CA | 4 |
| Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisienlocation not on record | 4 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 4 |
| UGentlocation not on record | 4 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 4 |
| Tilburg, NL | 4 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 4 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 4 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 4 |
| Tromso University Museumlocation not on record | 4 |
| UoB-IBlocation not on record | 4 |
| Gijón, ES | 4 |
| Sion, CH | 4 |
| Boumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Chiba, JP | 3 |
| Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reservelocation not on record | 3 |
| Saint Louis, US | 3 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Namur, BE | 3 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 3 |
| Rovaniemi, FI | 3 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Odawara, JP | 3 |
| Obihiro Centennial City Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Taipei, TW | 2 |
| Pullman, US | 2 |
| Bronx, US | 2 |
| Granada, ES | 2 |
| Sanda, JP | 2 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 2 |
| ULBF-AGRlocation not on record | 2 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 2 |
| Chicago, US | 2 |
| Hobart, AU | 2 |
| NMBU:MINAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Dhaka, BD | 2 |
| Museo civico di Storia naturale Giacomo Doria di Genova | Giacomo Doria Natural History Museum in Genoalocation not on record | 2 |
| Lausanne, CH | 2 |
| Umeå Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Badajoz, ES | 2 |
| FLADlocation not on record | 2 |
| Monastir, TN | 2 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 1 |
| 1 | |
| Muséum Henri Lecoqlocation not on record | 1 |
| Jaén, ES | 1 |
| Musée des Confluenceslocation not on record | 1 |
| National Botanic Garden of Waleslocation not on record | 1 |
| Fukushima Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| SWlocation not on record | 1 |
| Flagstaff, US | 1 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sevilla, ES | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Garden Edinburghlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sendai, JP | 1 |
| Kushiro City Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sapporo, JP | 1 |
| Musee National d'histoire Naturelle Luxembourglocation not on record | 1 |
| Moscow, US | 1 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 1 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 1 |
| H-AkrKGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| Alicante, ES | 1 |
| Sede di Via Giorgio La Pira del Museo di Storia naturale di Firenze | Via Giorgio La Pira headquarter of the Natural History Museum in Florencelocation not on record | 1 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 1 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Kew, GB | 1 |
| European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy (EDIT)location not on record | 1 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 1 |
| München, DE | 1 |
| Davenport, US | 1 |
| ZRC-SAZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Whitehorse, CA | 1 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 1 |
| Columbia, US | 1 |
| Uniwersytet Opolskilocation not on record | 1 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Banyoles, ES | 1 |
| Ivano-Frankove, UA | 1 |
| The State Museum-Preserve "The Kulikovo pole"location not on record | 1 |
| Beijing, CN | 1 |
| IPE-CSIClocation not on record | 1 |
| Göteborg, SE | 1 |
| Hokkaido University Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| J.F.Oberlin Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Fulda, DE | 1 |
| Dekalb, US | 1 |
| Xiamen, CN | 1 |
| Sede dell'Orto botanico del Museo di Storia naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Parmalocation not on record | 1 |
| BioFokuslocation not on record | 1 |
180 institutions · 14 219 of 15 318 vouchered records shown · 908 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA18 detections
Where the DNA of Epilobium montanum was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found18
Studies independent surveys1
Countries5
Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 18 detections have coordinates
Open the map5 countries0
Weed in flower bed
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median15.4 °C 12.0–17.6
Seasonal swing summer↔winter12.7 °C
Max temp (day)19.1 °C 14.2–21.3
Min temp (night)11.1 °C 8.70–14.2
Precipitation92.0 mm/mo 72.8–115
Air humidity62.5 % 60.4–66.1
Moisture balance-17.9 mm/mo -51.5–35.3
Vapour deficit690 Pa 479–768
Wind speed3.70 m/s 2.60–4.80
Cloud cover48.8 % 38.3–63.4
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 17 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.