Size & morphology4
Plant height0.46 m
Seed mass1.22 mg
Seed mass max1.21 mg
Seed mass min1.21 mg
Life cycle & reproduction25
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodMid Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourwhite
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formhydroperennial
Life spanperennial
Lifeform raunkiaer detailedhemicryptophyte
Lifespan categoryShort
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsYes
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorLow
Vegetative spread rateSlow
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsNo
Adapted to fine textured soilsYes
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticaquatic
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb
Growth form USDARhizomatous
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min8 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry18
Anaerobic toleranceHigh
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceNone
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceLow
Frost free days min120 days
Moisture useHigh
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max18 in
Precipitation min12 in
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max7.8 pH
Soil pH min5.8 pH
Temperature min-23 °F
Uses & economy13
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound360 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Planting density max4 800 per acre
Planting density min2 700 per acre