Conium maculatum
speciesAt a glance
Sources16 archives
Databases and archives Conium maculatum's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation17 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility154 234 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI31 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics51 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
dukesphytochemcompounds
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Conium maculatum, colloquially known as hemlock, poison hemlock or wild hemlock, is a highly poisonous biennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, native to Europe and North Africa. A hardy plant capable of living in a variety of environments, hemlock is widely naturalized in locations outside its native range, such as parts of Australia, West Asia, and North and South America, to which it has been introduced. It is capable of spreading and thereby becoming an invasive weed. All parts of the plant are toxic, especially the seeds and roots, and especially when ingested. Under the right conditions the plant grows quite rapidly during the growing season and can reach heights of 8 ft, with a long penetrating root. The plant has a distinctive odour usually considered unpleasant that carries with the wind. The hollow stems are usually spotted with a dark maroon colour before the plant dies and becomes dry and brown after completing its biennial lifecycle.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology23
Life cycle & reproduction17
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment14
Physiology & chemistry7
Other traits5
Compounds documented for Conium maculatum across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds121 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| LIGNIN | 320,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| PROTEIN | 249,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| FAT | 179,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| PENTOSANS | 66,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| XYLOSE | 46,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| DIOSMIN | 40,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| URONIC-ACIDS | 33,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| CONIINE | 17,500 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| EO | 10,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| ARABINOSE | 7,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Conium maculatum has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Conium maculatum carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 2267×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ita-fl +12
2n 163×CCDB · book-indian_vol1 · CCDB · book-fedorov
n 1116×CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn72 +3
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · family-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type154 234 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions215 of 373 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Paris, FR | 324 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 226 |
| LDlocation not on record | 215 |
| Wuzhou, CN | 192 |
| Uppsala, SE | 175 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 165 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 133 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 133 |
| Adelaide, AU | 120 |
| Olocation not on record | 117 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 117 |
| San Diego, US | 115 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 111 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 110 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 103 |
| Claremont, US | 97 |
| Philadelphia, US | 90 |
| Bronx, US | 85 |
| Berlin, DE | 85 |
| Riverside, US | 84 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 83 |
| MAlocation not on record | 80 |
| Canberra, AU | 80 |
| Tartu, EE | 75 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 74 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 73 |
| Görlitz, DE | 70 |
| Chicago, US | 68 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 64 |
| Bloomington, US | 64 |
| Oulu, FI | 59 |
| Turku, FI | 59 |
| Kuopio, FI | 59 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 55 |
| Denver, US | 54 |
| Santa Barbara, US | 53 |
| Corvallis, US | 51 |
| Saint Louis, US | 51 |
| Davis, US | 50 |
| Pullman, US | 46 |
| València, ES | 42 |
| Bern, CH | 42 |
| Salzburg, AT | 42 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 41 |
| Museum of the Rockieslocation not on record | 41 |
| Madison, US | 41 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 41 |
| Trondheim, NO | 41 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 40 |
| St. Paul, US | 40 |
| Hobart, AU | 39 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 39 |
| Chadron, US | 39 |
| Oregon State Universitylocation not on record | 38 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 37 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 36 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 36 |
| Brisbane, AU | 34 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 33 |
| Albuquerque, US | 33 |
| Allentown, US | 32 |
| Burlington, US | 31 |
| US | 31 |
| Wlocation not on record | 30 |
| Auckland, NZ | 30 |
| Jaén, ES | 29 |
| College Park, US | 28 |
| Mexico City, MX | 28 |
| Córdoba, AR | 27 |
| Austin, US | 27 |
| Tallinn, EE | 27 |
| South Kensington, GB | 27 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 26 |
| Barcelona, ES | 26 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 25 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 25 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 25 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 24 |
| Morgantown, US | 24 |
| Wellington, NZ | 23 |
| BClocation not on record | 23 |
| Vitoria, ES | 23 |
| Lausanne, CH | 23 |
| DOI/NPS, Colonial National Historical Parklocation not on record | 22 |
| ASUlocation not on record | 22 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 22 |
| Córdoba, ES | 22 |
| Arcata, US | 21 |
| Fort Worth, US | 20 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 20 |
| Logan, US | 20 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 20 |
| Phoenix, US | 20 |
| Santa Cruz, US | 19 |
| Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)location not on record | 19 |
| Madrid, ES | 19 |
| San Isidro, AR | 19 |
| Irvine, US | 19 |
| Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisienlocation not on record | 19 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 18 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 18 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 17 |
| Moscow, US | 16 |
| Kensington, AU | 16 |
| Bozeman, US | 15 |
| McWane Science Centerlocation not on record | 15 |
| Durango, MX | 15 |
| UGentlocation not on record | 15 |
| Mlocation not on record | 14 |
| Mexico City, MX | 14 |
| Flagstaff, US | 14 |
| Bergen, NO | 14 |
| UChlocation not on record | 14 |
| Granada, ES | 13 |
| Portland, US | 13 |
| Salamanca, ES | 13 |
| Valparaíso, CL | 13 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 13 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 13 |
| Victoria, CA | 13 |
| DOI/NPS, Greenbelt Parklocation not on record | 12 |
| Spearfish, US | 12 |
| QAUlocation not on record | 12 |
| Portland, US | 12 |
| EL PASO, US | 12 |
| San Francisco, US | 12 |
| Jyväskylä, FI | 12 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 11 |
| Davenport, US | 11 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 11 |
| Williamsburg, US | 11 |
| UIBlocation not on record | 11 |
| New Haven, US | 11 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 11 |
| University of New Hampshirelocation not on record | 10 |
| Long Beach, US | 10 |
| Severin-McDaniel Insect Collectionlocation not on record | 10 |
| Québec, CA | 10 |
| ESP109location not on record | 10 |
| Dekalb, US | 10 |
| CASlocation not on record | 10 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 10 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 10 |
| Bangkok, TH | 10 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 10 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 10 |
| Angwin, US | 9 |
| Zürich, CH | 9 |
| Kew, GB | 9 |
| Millersville, US | 9 |
| Armidale, AU | 9 |
| Badajoz, ES | 9 |
| ISAlocation not on record | 9 |
| Helsinki, FI | 9 |
| Boise, US | 9 |
| Chicago, US | 8 |
| IDElocation not on record | 8 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 8 |
| Valparaiso, CL | 8 |
| Zürich, CH | 8 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 8 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 7 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 7 |
| Los Angeles, US | 7 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 7 |
| Tacoma, US | 7 |
| Rishon Le Zion, IL | 7 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 6 |
| Pocatello, US | 6 |
| Porvoo, FI | 6 |
| Stockholm, SE | 6 |
| Cheney, US | 6 |
| Anchorage, US | 6 |
| Philadelphia, US | 6 |
| Northridge, US | 6 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 6 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 6 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 6 |
| Turlock, US | 6 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 5 |
| H-Kunzmannlocation not on record | 5 |
| Göteborg, SE | 5 |
| Pittsburg, US | 5 |
| San Angelo, US | 5 |
| Vancouver, CA | 5 |
| Pamplona, ES | 5 |
| Harrisonburg, US | 5 |
| PRClocation not on record | 5 |
| Norfolk, US | 5 |
| Lincoln, US | 5 |
| AUAlocation not on record | 4 |
| Rotorua, NZ | 4 |
| GB | 4 |
| Alicante, ES | 4 |
| Orem, US | 4 |
| Fulda, DE | 4 |
| Universidade Federal de Juiz de Foralocation not on record | 4 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 4 |
| Waverly, US | 4 |
| Acadia Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Chapingo, MX | 4 |
| Fairfax, US | 4 |
| Western Carolina Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Tilburg, NL | 4 |
| Caldwell, US | 4 |
| CJBNlocation not on record | 4 |
| Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBBJCM)location not on record | 4 |
| Provo, US | 4 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo civico di Ecologia e Storia naturale di Marano sul Panarolocation not on record | 4 |
| Knoxville, US | 4 |
| H-Adlerlocation not on record | 3 |
| Texas Lutheran Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| Cambridge, US | 3 |
| Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record | 3 |
| Bourges, FR | 3 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Green Bay, US | 3 |
| Castelar, AR | 3 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 3 |
| Columbia, US | 3 |
| Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record | 3 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 3 |
| Appalachian State Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| Staten Island, US | 3 |
| Winterthur, CH | 3 |
| Fargo, US | 3 |
| Lord Fairfax Community Collegelocation not on record | 3 |
| Clemson, US | 3 |
| ESP003location not on record | 3 |
| No collectionlocation not on record | 3 |
| Batemans Bay, AU | 3 |
| Jena Microbial Resource Collectionlocation not on record | 3 |
| Taipei, TW | 3 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 3 |
| US | 3 |
| Philadelphia, US | 3 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 3 |
| Jackson, US | 3 |
| John T. Waterhouse Herbariumlocation not on record | 3 |
| San Bernardino, US | 3 |
| Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)location not on record | 3 |
| Brookings, US | 3 |
| Glarus, CH | 3 |
| Odawara, JP | 3 |
| USFSlocation not on record | 3 |
| Ashland, US | 3 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 3 |
| Dover, US | 2 |
| TROMlocation not on record | 2 |
| BGBMlocation not on record | 2 |
| Fort Bragg, US | 2 |
| Macomb, US | 2 |
| Toronto, CA | 2 |
| H-Hohlalocation not on record | 2 |
| James F. Matthews Center for Biodiversity Studieslocation not on record | 2 |
| Herbario Universidad de Concepciónlocation not on record | 2 |
| Forssa, FI | 2 |
| OLAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 2 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 2 |
| Missoula, US | 2 |
| Grand Junction, US | 2 |
| Tampa, US | 2 |
| San Jose, US | 2 |
| Cape Town, ZA | 2 |
| KNFHClocation not on record | 2 |
| GAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Sagamihara, JP | 2 |
| Hunan Geological Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Blumenau, BR | 2 |
| Namur, BE | 2 |
| Portland, US | 2 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| NSW Dept of Planning, Industry and Environmentlocation not on record | 2 |
| New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Sciencelocation not on record | 2 |
| Little Rock, US | 2 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 2 |
| Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR)location not on record | 2 |
| Beijing, CN | 2 |
| Fullerton, US | 2 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| CIBIOlocation not on record | 2 |
| STNFlocation not on record | 2 |
| Dresden, DE | 2 |
| Xiamen, CN | 2 |
| University of Tennessee at Chattanoogalocation not on record | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiejlocation not on record | 2 |
| Université Lavallocation not on record | 2 |
| JBCLMlocation not on record | 1 |
| NSW Office of Environment and Heritagelocation not on record | 1 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sullocation not on record | 1 |
| Santiago de Compostela, ES | 1 |
| Smithfield, AU | 1 |
| Université de Bordeauxlocation not on record | 1 |
| Pomona Collegelocation not on record | 1 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 1 |
| Weber State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Museo de Historia Natural de El Salvadorlocation not on record | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| ULBF-AGRlocation not on record | 1 |
| Stephenville, US | 1 |
| Fribourg, CH | 1 |
| San Diego Natural History Museum, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 1 |
| Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resourceslocation not on record | 1 |
| Umeå Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Moscow University Herbarium (MW)location not on record | 1 |
| Richmond, US | 1 |
| Gijón, ES | 1 |
| Podgorica, ME | 1 |
| H-AkrKGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| FLADlocation not on record | 1 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 1 |
| Minia, EG | 1 |
| Jefferson City, US | 1 |
| Nagano City, JP | 1 |
| Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI)location not on record | 1 |
| Aarhus, DK | 1 |
| Firenze, IT | 1 |
| Meguro Parasitological Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Guasave, MX | 1 |
| Sevilla, ES | 1 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 1 |
| UoB-IBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Springfield, US | 1 |
| arosemena tola, EC | 1 |
| US | 1 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 1 |
| Mississippi State, US | 1 |
| JBSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Denton, US | 1 |
| Durango, US | 1 |
| DASSHlocation not on record | 1 |
| Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuarias do Tropico Umidolocation not on record | 1 |
| PLAlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Southern Mississippilocation not on record | 1 |
| Bend, US | 1 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sede di Via Giorgio La Pira del Museo di Storia naturale di Firenze | Via Giorgio La Pira headquarter of the Natural History Museum in Florencelocation not on record | 1 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 1 |
| UFSClocation not on record | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Palmerston North, NZ | 1 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 1 |
| University of British Columbia, Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Montréal, CA | 1 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 1 |
| China Agricultural Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Xining, CN | 1 |
| Herbario UTCEClocation not on record | 1 |
| FUVATESlocation not on record | 1 |
| Cochabamba, BO | 1 |
| Universidade Federal de Santa Catarinalocation not on record | 1 |
| SNSNMClocation not on record | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paranálocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS)location not on record | 1 |
| Johnson City, US | 1 |
| Prioksko-Terrasnyi Biosphere Reservelocation not on record | 1 |
| University of North Carolina at Pembrokelocation not on record | 1 |
| LINUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Maryland Department of Natural Resourceslocation not on record | 1 |
| NoColllocation not on record | 1 |
| Due West, US | 1 |
| Henderson, US | 1 |
| Kirksville, US | 1 |
| Arequipa, PE | 1 |
| La Paz, BO | 1 |
| Campo Grande, BR | 1 |
| Berea Collegelocation not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Conium maculatum was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.