Size & morphology4
Plant height0.76 m
Seed mass0.412 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 0.412 mg · GIFT: 0.329 mg
Seed mass max0.483 mg
Seed mass min0.379 mg
Life cycle & reproduction24
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodEarly Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourpurple
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDARapid
Life formannual
Life spanannual
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Raunkiær life formtherophyte
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateModerate
Seedling vigorHigh
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min8 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry24
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioLow
Caco3 toleranceMedium
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementMedium
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceNone
Frost free days min100 days
Leaf C:N ratio16.23 g/g
Leaf c409 mg/g
Leaf dry-matter content (LDMC)145 mg/g
Leaf n25.2 mg/g
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max24 in
Precipitation min12 in
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceMedium
Soil pH max8.5 pH
Soil pH min6.4 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)20.72 mm²/mg
Temperature min52 °F
Uses & economy13
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound2 000 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceHigh
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo