Citrus limon
(L.) Osbeck · speciesAt a glance
Sources10 archives
Databases and archives Citrus limon's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation21 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 056 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI26 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics25 specimens↗
foodatlascompounds
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
The lemon (Citrus limon) is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar or China. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology2
Life cycle & reproduction1
Habitat & environment3
Physiology & chemistry4
Compounds documented for Citrus limon across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds265 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| CARBOHYDRATE | 7,250 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| citric acid | 4,700 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| chlorophyll a | 927 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| CHLOROPHYLL | 927 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| arachidonic acid | 50 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| l-alanyl-l-alanine | 50 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| cis-caffeic acid | 37.546 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| trans-caffeic acid | 37.546 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| caffeic acid | 37.546 mg/100g | FoodAtlas | |
| vitamin c | 30.575 mg/100g | FoodAtlas |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Citrus limon has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Citrus limon carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 1823×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants · CCDB · kew +2
n 91×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type2 056 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions54 of 131 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Chapingo, MX | 48 |
| Brisbane, AU | 25 |
| Durango, MX | 22 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 16 |
| Saint Louis, US | 16 |
| Canberra, AU | 16 |
| UTFPR-CPlocation not on record | 15 |
| Beijing, CN | 15 |
| Baroda, IN | 14 |
| Institut fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologielocation not on record | 13 |
| Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA)location not on record | 13 |
| Mexico City, MX | 13 |
| Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Moreloslocation not on record | 13 |
| Campo Mourão, BR | 12 |
| Auckland, NZ | 11 |
| Universidad de la Amazonia (UniAmazonia)location not on record | 11 |
| Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHIlocation not on record | 11 |
| Miami, US | 10 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 10 |
| Universidade Federal do Maranhãolocation not on record | 10 |
| Tampa, US | 8 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 8 |
| Mérida, MX | 8 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 8 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 8 |
| Nanjing, CN | 7 |
| Tapachula, MX | 7 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 7 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 6 |
| Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ)location not on record | 5 |
| UEMAlocation not on record | 5 |
| 云南省思茅市民族传统医药研究所location not on record | 5 |
| Kew, GB | 4 |
| Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabascolocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo naturalistico del Frignano Ferruccio Minghellilocation not on record | 4 |
| USP-IBlocation not on record | 4 |
| Mexico City, MX | 4 |
| Chongqing Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 4 |
| Parkville, AU | 3 |
| Forest Herbarium Ibadan (FHI)location not on record | 3 |
| Instituto para la Investigación y la Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca - INCIVAlocation not on record | 3 |
| LDlocation not on record | 3 |
| Altos de Pipe, VE | 3 |
| Blumenau, BR | 3 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 3 |
| Universidade Federal do Ceara, Departamento de Biologialocation not on record | 3 |
| Universidad del Quindío (UniQuindío)location not on record | 3 |
| UFESlocation not on record | 3 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 3 |
| Centro Cultural Santo Domingolocation not on record | 3 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 3 |
| Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldilocation not on record | 3 |
| Corporación Autónoma Regional Para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga (CDMB)location not on record | 3 |
| UNIVASFlocation not on record | 3 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 3 |
| Fortaleza, BR | 3 |
| BAYLUlocation not on record | 2 |
| UFAClocation not on record | 2 |
| Nagasaki University - Fisherieslocation not on record | 2 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Nortelocation not on record | 2 |
| Federal University of Espírito Santolocation not on record | 2 |
| Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record | 2 |
| Uberlândia, BR | 2 |
| UTPLlocation not on record | 2 |
| UTFPR-DVlocation not on record | 2 |
| UNEMATlocation not on record | 2 |
| Vitoria, ES | 2 |
| Jardín Botánico José Celestino Mutis (JBBJCM)location not on record | 1 |
| Bogotá, D.C., CO | 1 |
| Zhejiang Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Personal Collection of Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeethlocation not on record | 1 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 1 |
| UFOPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Brasília, BR | 1 |
| UERJlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uppsala, SE | 1 |
| Bharathiar Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Guilin, CN | 1 |
| Institute for Agricultural Bacteriology and Fermentation Biologylocation not on record | 1 |
| Corrientes, AR | 1 |
| Loja, EC | 1 |
| Mexico City, MX | 1 |
| DOI/NPS, Little Rock Central High School National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 1 |
| IPA/SPlocation not on record | 1 |
| UnBlocation not on record | 1 |
| Bando, JP | 1 |
| CEPLAClocation not on record | 1 |
| Mount Annan, AU | 1 |
| Salamanca, ES | 1 |
| Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR)location not on record | 1 |
| UNESClocation not on record | 1 |
| FLASlocation not on record | 1 |
| Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa - estación biológica del Jardín Botánico de Missourilocation not on record | 1 |
| Guatemala City, GT | 1 |
| Universidad Autónoma de Nayaritlocation not on record | 1 |
| Guiyang, CN | 1 |
| Giardini Botanici Hanburylocation not on record | 1 |
| BClocation not on record | 1 |
| Puebla, MX | 1 |
| Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Developement Rurallocation not on record | 1 |
| Glocation not on record | 1 |
| Santarém, BR | 1 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 1 |
| Post Graduate College Bannulocation not on record | 1 |
| Chengdu, CN | 1 |
| València, ES | 1 |
| Nnamdi Azikiwe University Herbarium (NAUH)location not on record | 1 |
| Criciúma, BR | 1 |
| Jataí / Setor Industrial, BR | 1 |
| Teresina, BR | 1 |
| Foz do Iguaçu, BR | 1 |
| Universidade Paulistalocation not on record | 1 |
| Bronx, US | 1 |
| Nanchong, CN | 1 |
| Palmerston North, NZ | 1 |
| HNBlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Hamburglocation not on record | 1 |
| Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Región Xalapalocation not on record | 1 |
| Austin, US | 1 |
| Smithfield, AU | 1 |
| Palmerston, AU | 1 |
| Turlock, US | 1 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record | 1 |
| QVMAGlocation not on record | 1 |
| Chaguaramas, TT | 1 |
| PUC-RSlocation not on record | 1 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 1 |
| Adelaide, AU | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Citrus limon was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.