Cichorium endivia
speciesAt a glance
Sources18 archives
Databases and archives Cichorium endivia's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation16 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility5 508 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI5 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics7 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
dukesphytochemcompounds
FooDBThe Metabolomics Innovation Centrecompounds↗
foodatlascompounds
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Cichorium endivia is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus Cichorium, which is widely cultivated as one of the species of similar bitter-leafed vegetables known as endive and escarole. There is considerable confusion between C. endivia and C. intybus. A plant of the vegetable type sometimes distinguished as "frisée" ''Cichorium endivia'' flower with Syrphidae Seedlings
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology14
Life cycle & reproduction12
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment10
Physiology & chemistry4
Other traits3
Compounds documented for Cichorium endivia across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds5 943 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| WATER | 943,800 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| CARBOHYDRATES | 539,452 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| ASH | 240,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| PROTEIN | 209,300 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| FIBER | 144,927 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| POTASSIUM | 96,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| FAT | 32,200 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| PHENOLICS | 32,000 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| GLUTAMIC-ACID | 26,731 ppm | DukesPhytochem | |
| ASPARTIC-ACID | 20,934 ppm | DukesPhytochem |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Cichorium endivia has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Cichorium endivia carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 1814×CCDB · slov-fl · CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · fl-europaea +5
2n 363×CCDB · book-fedorov · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
n 01×CCDB · CromoCat 2015
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · family-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type5 508 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions37 of 75 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| ESP026location not on record | 74 |
| Rishon Le Zion, IL | 18 |
| Córdoba, ES | 15 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 11 |
| Bern, CH | 10 |
| ESP027location not on record | 9 |
| Olocation not on record | 8 |
| Philadelphia, US | 8 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 7 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 6 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 6 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 6 |
| Sevilla, ES | 6 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 5 |
| UChlocation not on record | 5 |
| BClocation not on record | 4 |
| Allentown, US | 4 |
| GMBAlocation not on record | 4 |
| Berlin, DE | 4 |
| Tartu, EE | 3 |
| South Kensington, GB | 3 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 3 |
| Badajoz, ES | 3 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 2 |
| Barcelona, ES | 2 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 2 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 2 |
| Riverside, US | 2 |
| LDlocation not on record | 2 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 2 |
| Québec, CA | 2 |
| València, ES | 2 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 2 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 2 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 2 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Trondheim, NO | 1 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| Wlocation not on record | 1 |
| Vitoria, ES | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| Nagano City, JP | 1 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 1 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Görlitz, DE | 1 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 1 |
| Nanjing, CN | 1 |
| Tianjin Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Bergen, NO | 1 |
| Granada, ES | 1 |
| Knoxville, US | 1 |
| NoColllocation not on record | 1 |
| Parthenon Tama History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 1 |
| Mlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Salamanca, ES | 1 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 1 |
| UEMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Firenze, IT | 1 |
| Kagoshima, JP | 1 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 1 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 1 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 1 |
| MAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Bronx, US | 1 |
| San Luis Obispo, US | 1 |
| Odawara, JP | 1 |
| Pullman, US | 1 |
| Madrid, ES | 1 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 1 |
| Auckland, NZ | 1 |
| Saint Louis, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Cichorium endivia was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.