Chenopodium quinoa near Cachilaya, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa; , from Quechua ' or ') is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. It is a herbaceous annual plant grown as a crop primarily for its edible seeds; the seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. Quinoa is not a grass, but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It was first used to feed livestock 5,200–7,000 years ago, and for human consumption 3,000–4,000 years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia. Today, almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States, and several European countries. As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 2006 and 2014.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Compounds documented for Chenopodium quinoa across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
🍽 Used in cooking💊 Medicinal use documentedHerbs and Spices
Compound class profile5 classes
Oleanane triterpenoids95
Aminoacids82
Glycerophospholipids57
Cinnamic acids and derivatives34
Purine nucleos(t)ides26
Documented compounds6 322 total
Compound
Class
Amount
Source
α-D-galactose
52,220 mg/100g
FooDB
argininium(1+)
10,250 mg/100g
FoodAtlas
ARGININE
10,250 mg/100g
FoodAtlas
L-ARGININE
10,250 mg/100g
FoodAtlas
QUINOA-SAPONIN-1
7,000 ppm
DukesPhytochem
QUINOA-SAPONIN-4
3,000 ppm
DukesPhytochem
L-Glutamic acid
1,865 mg/100g
FooDB
QUINOA-SAPONIN-8
1,600 ppm
DukesPhytochem
L-Aspartic acid
1,134 mg/100g
FooDB
05DNA & barcoding125 specimens
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Chenopodium quinoa has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
DNA specimens125
Marker genes10
GenBank sequences10
eDNA detections771
Countries7
The DNA barcodea real sequence read deposited for this species
Chenopodium quinoa isolate EC-896268 small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; internal transcribed spacer 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene, complete sequence; and internal transcribed spacer 2, partial sequence
Marker genes sequenced
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manualChenopodium quinoa carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Genome size1 547 685 000 bp
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
BACTERIUM Carsonella ruddii0.00016 Gb
FUNGUS0.04 Gb
INSECT0.25 Gb
THIS GENOME Chenopodium quinoa1.55 Gb
HUMAN3.2 Gb
WHEAT17 Gb
FERN Tmesipteris160.45 Gb
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Rahiminejad, M. R. & R. J. Gornall. 2004. Flavonoid evidence for allopolyploidy in the Chenopodium album aggregate (Amaranthaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 246: 77–87.
CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — GIUSTI, L. 1970. El genera Chenopodium en Argentina I. Numeros de cromosomas. Darwiniana 16: 98-105.
CCDB · Automatic manuscript search — N. Chrungoo,Rajkumari JashmiDevi,S. Goel and K. Das. 2019. "Deciphering species relationships and evolution in Chenopodium through sequence variations in nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and amplified fragment-length polymorphism in nuclear DNA". Journal of Genetics 98:1-11.
n 182×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · Cave1963
CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Gandarillas, H. 1976. Genética y origen de la quinua, Chenopodium quinoa. Bol. Genet. 9: 3–14.
CCDB · Cave1963 — Heiser 1963a
Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources
tetraploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Assembly levelChromosome
Completeness91.5% BUSCO
08Occurrence & distribution
Record type1 772 records
Wild obs. + sensor698
Museum / vouchered217
Cultivated / captive386
Other471
Origin
Native308
Introduced282
Range
Area of Occupancy AOO2 892 km²
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Coordinate accuracy42% within 1 km
≤100 m 168≤1 km 117≤10 km 394>10 km 4
683 georeferenced · 15 without coordinates
Open the mapobservation + sensor698
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Coordinate accuracy81% within 1 km
≤100 m 11≤1 km 28≤10 km 7>10 km 2
48 georeferenced · 169 without coordinates
Open the institutions mapphysical evidence217
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Coordinate accuracy0% within 1 km
≤1 km 1≤10 km 31>10 km 184
216 georeferenced · 170 without coordinates
Open the mapnot free-living386
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
10Collections & institutions
Holding institutions30 of 64 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
Institution
Specimens
Saint Louis, US
24
Cambridge, US
17
Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record
8
UChlocation not on record
7
DBF-NHMDlocation not on record
7
Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record
6
Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record
6
La Paz, BO
6
San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record
3
SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record
3
Bronx, US
3
Auckland, NZ
3
GBR016location not on record
3
Podgorica, ME
2
Valparaiso, CL
2
Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record
2
Corrientes, AR
2
ASUlocation not on record
2
Wlocation not on record
2
Philadelphia, US
2
Córdoba, AR
2
Xiamen, CN
2
GJOlocation not on record
2
South Kensington, GB
2
Kew, GB
2
Loja, EC
2
Chicago, US
2
Provincia di Livornolocation not on record
2
Chongqing Museumlocation not on record
2
QCNElocation not on record
2
Campo Mourão, BR
1
UTFPR-CPlocation not on record
1
Denver, US
1
AUT001location not on record
1
Tampa, US
1
H-TUMlocation not on record
1
Universidad de La Salle (La Salle)location not on record
1
Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record
1
Bern, CH
1
Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record
1
BRNUlocation not on record
1
Altos de Pipe, VE
1
Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC)location not on record
1
MAlocation not on record
1
Porto Alegre, BR
1
Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record
1
Granada, ES
1
Aarhus, DK
1
Universidad Católica de Oriente (UCO)location not on record
1
Nunoa, Santiago, CL
1
Brussel, BE
1
Stockholm, SE
1
València, ES
1
Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record
1
College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record
1
LDlocation not on record
1
Edinburgh, GB
1
ESP003location not on record
1
Oskarshamn, SE
1
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record
1
Universidade Federale do Rio Grande do Sullocation not on record
1
Albuquerque, US
1
GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record
1
JBRJlocation not on record
1
64 institutions · 164 of 217 vouchered records shown · 48 without an institution code
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
09Environmental DNA771 detections
Where the DNA of Chenopodium quinoa was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Detections DNA found771
Studies independent surveys2
Countries6
Signal confidence: moderateweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections
Where its DNA was found
0 of 771 detections have coordinates
Open the map6 countries0
How strong is each trace?
DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.
Modelled climatemodelled
−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C
Temperature median16.0 °C 16.0–17.8
Seasonal swing summer↔winter22.3 °C
Max temp (day)19.9 °C 19.9–21.5
Min temp (night)12.5 °C 12.5–13.7
Precipitation92.8 mm/mo 74.9–92.8
Air humidity63.1 % 60.2–63.1
Moisture balance-5.10 mm/mo -56.1–-5.10
Vapour deficit673 Pa 673–811
Wind speed3.50 m/s 3.50–3.60
Cloud cover43.5 % 38.3–43.5
CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 743 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.