Centaurea macrocephala

Muss.Puschk. ex Willd. · species

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Plantae/Tracheophyta/Magnoliopsida/Asterales/Asteraceae/Centaurea

At a glance

Occurrence records1 117

Data sources11

Biological traits24

DNA specimens12

eDNA detections7

Sources11 archives

Databases and archives Centaurea macrocephala's data was compiled from.

WikipediaWikimedia Foundation7 languages↗

BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗

GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility1 117 records↗

ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI7 eDNA detections↗

BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics12 specimens↗

LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗

GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗

Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗

CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗

PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype

GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗

On this page7 sections

Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.

NarrativeWikipediaarticle

Traits & measurements4 literature sources24 traits

Chemical compositionLOTUS26 compounds

Occurrence & distributionGBIF1 117 records

Environmental DNA1 datasets · 2 countries7 detections

DNA & barcodingBOLD12 specimens

Genome at a glanceCCDB2n = 18

01Narrative

Centaurea macrocephala is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, and a member of the thistle tribe, Cynareae. It has many common names, including bighead knapweed,Centaurea macrocephala. USDA PLANTS. United States Department of Agriculture. big yellow centaurea,Centaurea macrocephala. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). lemon fluff,Centaurea macrocephala. Invasive.org, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. yellow bachelor's button,Centaurea macrocephala. Flora of North America. eFloras.org yellow hardhat,Centaurea macrocephala. Missouri Botanical Garden. and Armenian basketflower.Centaurea macrocephala. Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. This plant is native to the Caucasus. It is known throughout much of the world as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It is a popular garden plant, and is widely available for cultivation as an ornamental.

No narrative description available for this taxon yet.

02Traits & measurements

SourcesWCVPAusTraitsTRYGIFT

Size & morphology7

Leaf length200 mm

Leaf width60 mm

Plant height1.7 m

⚠ sources differ — AusTraits: 1.7 m · TRY: 0.95 m

Plant height max1.7 m

Seed mass14 mg

⚠ sources differ — TRY: 14 mg · GIFT: 16.39 mg

Seed mass max18.79 mg

Seed mass min13.5 mg

Life cycle & reproduction5

Flowering endSep

Flowering startDec

Life formperennial

Life spanperennial

Lifespan years2 years

Diet & foraging1

Parasiteindependent

Habitat & environment10

Aquaticterrestrial

Climatetemperate

Climberself-supporting

Epiphyteterrestrial

Fruit typeachene

Growth formherb

Habitat GIFTmeadows, mountains

Leaf compoundnesssimple

Leaf shapelanceolate narrowly_ovate oblanceolate ovate

Woodinessnon-woody

Physiology & chemistry1

Photosynthetic pathwayC3

03Chemical composition26 compounds

Compounds documented for Centaurea macrocephala across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").

Compound class profile5 classes

Unsaturated fatty acids6

Guaiane sesquiterpenoids6

Fatty alcohols $ Fatty aldehydes2

Fatty aldehydes2

Flavones2

Documented compounds26 total

Tissue Source Quantified only

Compound	Amount	Source
(-)-Arctigenin	present	LOTUS
(2S)-2-[(E)-undec-9-en-1,3,5,7-tetraynyl]oxirane	present	LOTUS
(2S,6S)-6-[(1E,3E,9E)-undeca-1,3,9-trien-5,7-diynyl]oxan-2-ol	present	LOTUS
(3aR,4S,6aR,8R,9S,9aR,9bR)-4,8-dihydroxy-9-methyl-3,6-dimethylidene-4,5,6a,7,8,9,9a,9b-octahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	present	LOTUS
(3aR,4S,6aR,9S,9aR,9bR)-4-hydroxy-9-methyl-3,6-dimethylene-3a,4,5,6a,7,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,8-dione	present	LOTUS
1,11-Tridecadiene-3,5,7,9-tetrayne	present	LOTUS
1,3,11-Tridecatriene-5,7,9-triyne	present	LOTUS
2-Tetradeca-5,12-dien-8,10-diynyloctadeca-2,9,16-trien-12,14-diyn-1-ol	present	LOTUS
2-Tetradeca-5,12-dien-8,10-diynyloctadeca-2,9,16-trien-12,14-diynal	present	LOTUS
3E,11E-Trideca-1,3,11-triene-5,7,9-triyne	present	LOTUS

05DNA & barcoding12 specimens

A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Centaurea macrocephala has left across the world's sequence archives.

At a glance

DNA specimens12

Marker genes4

eDNA detections7

Countries2

Marker genes sequenced

★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.

★matK★rbcL★rbcLa★ITS2

plant barcodefungal barcode

06Genome at a glanceCCDB

The complete instruction manual Centaurea macrocephala carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.

Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged

2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.

Chromosomes2n = 18 n = 9

Ploidydiploid inferred

Chromosome records18–402n range18median18mode14records

Chromosome-count records — grouped by value · 2n = full set, n = gamete · click a value for sources & references

2n 1813×CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · nw-europe-fl · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl +5

CCDB · iber-fl — Consideraciones taxonmicas sobre la Centaurea rouyi Councy (Compositae). Blanca Lpez, G.Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid38(1): 67-78(1981).

CCDB · nw-europe-fl — http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=3881

CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Daniela, I. 1997. IOPB chromosome data 11. Newslett. Int. Organ. Pl. Biosyst. (Oslo) 26/27: 14.

CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Tonian, T. R. 1980. Relation between chromosome number and some morphological features of Centaureinae Less representatives. Rev. Biol. 33 (5): 552–554.

CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Gadnidze, R. I., T. N. Gviniashvili, I. M. Danelia & M. V. Churadze. 1998. Chromosome numbers of the species of the Georgian flora. Bot. Žhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 83(10): 143–147.

CCDB · ipcn-api-dl — Garcia-Jacas, N., A. Susanna, R. Vilatersana & M. Guara. 1998. New chromosome counts in the subtribe Centaureinae (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from west Asia, II. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 128: 403–412.

CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — CHOUKSANOVA, N.A., L.I. SVESHNIKOVA, & T.V. ALEXANDROVA. 1968. Data on karyology of the family Compositae Giseke. Citologija 10: 198-206.

CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — TONJAN, Z.R. 1968. Chromosome number of some genus of the tribe Centaureinae Hof fm. (In Russian) Biol. Zurn. Arm. S.S.R. 21: 69-78.

CCDB · book-ipcn67-71 — ZHUKOVA, P. G. 1967. Karyology of some plants, cultivated in the Arctic-Alpine Botanical Garden. (In Russian). In N. A. Avrorin (ed.): Plantarum in Zonam Polarem Transportatio. II. Leningrad 1967, pp. 139-149.

CCDB · eflora

CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants — Poddubnaja 1931

CCDB · Cave1962 — Guinochet & F. 1962

CCDB · iapt — IAPT/IOPB Chromosome Data 19

2n 331×CCDB · iber-fl

CCDB · iber-fl — Estudios citogenticos en especies espaolas del gnero Centaurea. Granada. Fernndez Morales, M. J.*(1974).

2n 401×CCDB · iber-fl

CCDB · iber-fl — Estudios cariolgicos en especies ibricas del gnero Centaurea L. (Compositae). Valds Bermejo, E. & M. P. Agudo Mata.Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid40(1): 119-142(1983).

Ploidy records — measured levels and diploid/polyploid inferences · click for sources

diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale

PloiDB · genus-scale — chromEvol; reliability=1.000 ↗

08Occurrence & distribution

Record type1 117 records

Wild obs. + sensor999

Museum / vouchered111

Cultivated / captive7

Origin

Introduced20

Range

Area of Occupancy AOO3 104 km²

Wildobservation + sensor

Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.

Coordinate accuracy92% within 1 km

≤100 m 616≤1 km 63≤10 km 48>10 km 8

735 georeferenced · 264 without coordinates

Open the mapobservation + sensor999

Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence

Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.

Coordinate accuracy63% within 1 km

≤100 m 10≤1 km 14≤10 km 13>10 km 1

38 georeferenced · 73 without coordinates

Open the institutions mapphysical evidence111

Cultivated / Captivenot free-living

A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.

Coordinate accuracy25% within 1 km

≤1 km 1≤10 km 3

4 georeferenced · 3 without coordinates

Open the mapnot free-living7

Wildobservation + sensor

Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.

10Collections & institutions

Holding institutions27 of 45 geolocated

Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.

Institution	Specimens
Moscow State Universitylocation not on record	18
Pullman, US	8
SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record	7
LDlocation not on record	6
Oskarshamn, SE	5
Bronx, US	3
Bozeman, US	3
Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botanical Museumlocation not on record	3
Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record	3
Denver, US	3
Berlin, DE	2
University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record	2
Santa Barbara, US	2
Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record	2
University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record	2
Université Lavallocation not on record	2
University of Stellenboschlocation not on record	2
MeiseBGlocation not on record	2
Kew, GB	2
Ann Arbor, US	2
Montréal, CA	1
Edinburgh, GB	1
Albuquerque, US	1
Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record	1
Auckland, NZ	1
DBF-NHMDlocation not on record	1
IDElocation not on record	1
Spearfish, US	1
Missoula, US	1
WTUlocation not on record	1
Christchurch, NZ	1
Tartu, EE	1
Wuzhou, CN	1
BClocation not on record	1
Karlsruhe, DE	1
H-Dunkellocation not on record	1
Anchorage, US	1
Musee des Dinosaures d'Esperaza (Aude)location not on record	1
Québec, CA	1
Madison, US	1
Victoria, CA	1
Pocatello, US	1
Mississippi State, US	1
Podgorica, ME	1
Columbia, US	1

45 institutions · 104 of 111 vouchered records shown · 7 without an institution code

Cultivated / Captivenot free-living

A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.

09Environmental DNA7 detections

Where the DNA of Centaurea macrocephala was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.

Signal

Detections DNA found7

Studies independent surveys1

Countries2

Signal confidence: weakweighed across independent studies, places & mapped detections

Where its DNA was found

0 of 7 detections have coordinates

Open the map2 countries0

How strong is each trace?

DNA read depthRead counts were not reported for this species — the map shows presence only, not how strong each trace was.

Modelled climatemodelled

−15°Ctemperature across detection sites+40°C

Temperature median13.0 °C 4.10–17.0

Seasonal swing summer↔winter23.8 °C

Max temp (day)18.0 °C 8.50–19.6

Min temp (night)8.20 °C 0.1–14.6

Precipitation68.2 mm/mo 59.2–88.1

Air humidity59.0 % 56.1–63.7

Moisture balance-3.10 mm/mo -51.8–13.4

Vapour deficit669 Pa 342–767

Wind speed3.30 m/s 2.50–4.50

Cloud cover44.7 % 43.1–49.8

CHELSA 1981–2010, ~9 km grid, at location & month of 5 detection points · median with p10–p90 · reflects where sampling happened, not only the true niche

How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.

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Centaurea macrocephala

At a glance

Sources11 archives

Size & morphology7

Life cycle & reproduction5

Diet & foraging1

Habitat & environment10

Physiology & chemistry1

Compound class profile5 classes

Documented compounds26 total

At a glance

Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged

Record type1 117 records

Origin

Range

Wildobservation + sensor

Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence

Cultivated / Captivenot free-living

Wildobservation + sensor

Holding institutions27 of 45 geolocated

Cultivated / Captivenot free-living

Signal

Where its DNA was found

How strong is each trace?

Modelled climatemodelled

Record type1 117 records