Size & morphology4
Plant height4 m
Seed mass24.48 mg⚠ sources differ — TRY: 24.48 mg · GIFT: 27.12 mg
Seed mass max24.01 mg
Seed mass min24 mg
Life cycle & reproduction25
Bloom periodLate Winter
Coppice potentialYes
Deciduousnessevergreen
Dispersal typeunspecialized
Flower colourwhite
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life formshrub
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsYes
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityYes
Seed spread rateModerate
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment25
Active growth periodSummer and Fall
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatesubtropical
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureFine
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formshrub
Growth form USDAMultiple Stem
Hedge toleranceHigh
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Mycorrhiza typenon-ectomycorrhizal
Root depth min12 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry24
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceHigh
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min250 days
Leaf n18.69 mg/g
Leaf p0.883 mg/g
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelLow
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max24 in
Precipitation min9 in
Protein potentialMedium
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8 pH
Soil pH min7 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)4.72 mm²/mg
Temperature min24 °F
Wood density667 mg/cm³
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productYes
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound15 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceHigh
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Height at 20yr2.74 m
Planting density max700 per acre
Planting density min300 per acre