Size & morphology1
Plant height0.3 m
Life cycle & reproduction23
Bloom periodLate Spring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colourblue
Flower conspicuousYes
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDASlow
Life formsubshrub
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryLong
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsYes
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityYes
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorLow
Vegetative spread rateModerate
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGray-Green
Foliage porosity summerDense
Foliage porosity winterModerate
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formshrub⚠ sources differ — GIFT: shrub · TRY: Subshrub, Shrub
Growth form USDASingle Crown
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min18 in
Shape and orientationProstrate
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry19
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceLow
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min140 days
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelLow
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max60 in
Precipitation min18 in
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceLow
Soil pH max7 pH
Soil pH min5.8 pH
Temperature min-23 °F
Uses & economy14
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productYes
Palatable browse animalMedium
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Height at 20yr0.305 m
Planting density max4 800 per acre
Planting density min2 700 per acre