Catunaregam spinosa
(Thunb.) Tirveng. · speciesAt a glance
Sources15 archives
Databases and archives Catunaregam spinosa's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation3 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility1 007 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI24 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics33 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
WikidataWikimedia Foundationstructured facts↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Catunaregam spinosa, the mountain pomegranate, is a flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae, found in South Asia and other Asian countries. Almost all parts of the plant are used as a traditional medicine in Ayurveda and fruits have been reported to be used in medicine as well as in food. Various flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, lignans, terpenoids, and volatile oils have been reported from this plant. Several studies have reported the modern pharmaceutical activities of C. spinosa such as piscicidal, molluscicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology6
Life cycle & reproduction8
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment11
Physiology & chemistry2
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Catunaregam spinosa across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds89 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Pinoresinol | present | LOTUS | |
| (+)-Secoisolariciresinol | present | LOTUS | |
| (-)-Balanophonin | present | LOTUS | |
| (1R,2S,4aR,4bS,7S,8aR,10aR)-3',7-dihydroxy-2,4b,8,8,10a-pentamethylspiro[2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8a,9,10-decahydrophenanthrene-1,5'-furan]-2'-one | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,4S,7S,11S)-2,10-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undec-5-en-4-ol | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,2R,3R,4R,10R,11R)-4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,11-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexacyclo[8.7.6.12,5.012,17.018,23.09,24]tetracosa-5(24),6,8,12(17),13,15,18(23),19,21-nonaene-6,8,14,19,21-pentol | present | NPASS | |
| (1S,4aS,7aS)-7-methoxycarbonyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid | present | LOTUS | |
| (2S,2'S,4a'R,4b'S,7'S,8a'R,10a'R)-2',4b',7,8',8',10a'-hexamethyl-3',4',4a',4b',5',6',7',8',8a',9',10',10a'-dodecahydro-2'H,3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,1'-phenanthrene]-5,7'-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (2S,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | present | NPASS | |
| (2S,3R)-3-[(2R,3S,4S,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Catunaregam spinosa has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Catunaregam spinosa carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 228×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-indian_vol1 +3
2n 441×CCDB · book-indian_vol1
n 117×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn75-78
n 221×CCDB · book-ipcn67-71
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · family-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type1 007 records
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions26 of 46 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Guangzhou, CN | 101 |
| Guilin, CN | 49 |
| Baroda, IN | 37 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 33 |
| Beijing, CN | 25 |
| Kunming, CN | 24 |
| Saint Louis, US | 15 |
| Kew, GB | 13 |
| Guangxi Institute of Traditional Medical and Pharmaceutical Scienceslocation not on record | 11 |
| Dehra Dun, IN | 9 |
| TAFORI-LSRClocation not on record | 8 |
| Wuhan, CN | 5 |
| Pondicherry, IN | 4 |
| Paris, FR | 4 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Stockholm, SE | 4 |
| University of Dar es Salaamlocation not on record | 3 |
| Herbarium of South China Botanical Gardenlocation not on record | 3 |
| Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza (PBZT)location not on record | 3 |
| Chengdu, CN | 3 |
| Plocation not on record | 3 |
| Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Universitylocation not on record | 3 |
| Changsha, CN | 2 |
| Uppsala, SE | 2 |
| Seoul, KR | 2 |
| University of Johannesburg, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnologylocation not on record | 2 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| MSB-3054location not on record | 2 |
| MAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Wuhan, CN | 1 |
| Arusha, TZ | 1 |
| Gujarat Biodiversity Gene Banklocation not on record | 1 |
| Fort Worth, US | 1 |
| LDlocation not on record | 1 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 1 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 1 |
| Universidad de Caldas (UCaldas)location not on record | 1 |
| Xiamen, CN | 1 |
| Pretoria, ZA | 1 |
| Berlin, DE | 1 |
| University of Johannesburglocation not on record | 1 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 1 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| Zhuzhou, CN | 1 |
| Philadelphia, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Catunaregam spinosa was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.