Size & morphology4
Plant height35.12 m⚠ sources differ — GIFT: 35.12 m · USDA: 30.48 m · TRY: 31.54 m
Seed mass15 247 mg
Seed mass max15 152 mg
Seed mass min15 120 mg
Life cycle & reproduction28
Bloom periodMid Spring
Coppice potentialYes
Deciduousnessdeciduous
Dispersal typeanimal
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousNo
Flowering endApr
Flowering startMar
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDASlow
Life formtree
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryLong
Lifespan years350 years
Propagated by bare rootYes
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerYes
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityYes
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorLow
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerDense
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureCoarse
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formtree
Growth form USDASingle Stem
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min60 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinesswoody
Physiology & chemistry20
Anaerobic toleranceLow
C:N ratioHigh
Caco3 toleranceHigh
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceLow
Fertility requirementHigh
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min150 days
Moisture useHigh
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC3
Precipitation max60 in
Precipitation min30 in
Protein potentialLow
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceLow
Soil pH max6.6 pH
Soil pH min5 pH
Temperature min-22 °F
Uses & economy16
Berry nut seed productYes
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productNo
Fuelwood productHigh
Lumber productYes
Naval store productYes
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanYes
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound30 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productYes
Other traits7
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousYes
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Height at 20yr10.67 m
Planting density max700 per acre
Planting density min170 per acre