Size & morphology1
Plant height0.61 m
Life cycle & reproduction25
After harvest regrowth rateSlow
Bloom periodSpring
Coppice potentialNo
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSpring
Fruit seed period endSummer
Growth rate USDASlow
Life formperennial or rhizomatous geophyte
Life spanperennial
Lifeform raunkiaer detailedgeophyte
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsYes
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorLow
Vegetative spread rateNone
Diet & foraging1
Parasiteindependent
Habitat & environment24
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
Aquaticterrestrial
BloatNone
Climatetemperate
Climberself-supporting
Epiphyteterrestrial
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerPorous
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureMedium
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb⚠ sources differ — GIFT: herb · TRY: Graminoid
Growth form USDABunch
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Root depth min9 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry19
Anaerobic toleranceLow
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceLow
Cold stratification requiredYes
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementLow
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceHigh
Frost free days min130 days
Moisture useLow
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Precipitation max60 in
Precipitation min14 in
Protein potentialLow
Salinity toleranceNone
Shade toleranceLow
Soil pH max7.7 pH
Soil pH min6 pH
Temperature min-13 °F
Uses & economy14
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityNo Known Source
Fodder productNo
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalLow
Palatable graze animalLow
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits6
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceLow
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo
Planting density max18 000 per acre
Planting density min11 000 per acre