Capsicum chinense
Jacq. · speciesAt a glance
Sources11 archives
Databases and archives Capsicum chinense's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation14 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility2 009 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI179 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics180 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotypeEvery layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Capsicum chinense, commonly known as a "habanero-type pepper", is a species of chili pepper native to the Americas. C. chinense varieties are well known for their unique flavors and many have exceptional heat. The hottest peppers in the world are members of this species, with Scoville Heat Unit scores of over 2 million. Some taxonomists consider them to be part of the species C. annuum, and they are a member of the C. annuum complex; however, C. chinense and C. annuum pepper plants can sometimes be distinguished by the number of flowers or fruit per node – two to five for C. chinense and one for C. annuum – though this method is not always correct.. The two species can also hybridize and generate inter-specific hybrids. It is believed that C. frutescens is the ancestor to the C. chinense species.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology1
Life cycle & reproduction4
Diet & foraging1
Habitat & environment9
Physiology & chemistry1
Compounds documented for Capsicum chinense across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile2 classes
Documented compounds6 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2Z,6E,10E,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraenoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2Z,6E,10Z,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,14-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraenoxy]-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2Z,6E,10Z,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,14-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraenoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[(2Z,6E,10E,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-ethyl-6,14-dimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraen-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| (2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[(2Z,6E,10Z,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-6,14-dimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraen-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | present | LOTUS | |
| [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-[(2Z,6E,10E,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6,10,14-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraen-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (2E,6E,10Z,14S)-14-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-10-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6,14-trimethylhexadeca-2,6,10,15-tetraenoate | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Capsicum chinense has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Capsicum chinense carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 247×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · kew · CCDB · iapt
n 124×CCDB · solan · CCDB · book-ipcn72
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type2 009 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions39 of 76 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas - SINCHIlocation not on record | 195 |
| Jataí / Setor Industrial, BR | 137 |
| Saint Louis, US | 64 |
| Bloomington, US | 44 |
| Bronx, US | 33 |
| Xiamen, CN | 19 |
| Cenargenlocation not on record | 19 |
| Aarhus, DK | 18 |
| UFPIlocation not on record | 16 |
| Chicago, US | 16 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 16 |
| Brasília, BR | 15 |
| QCNElocation not on record | 14 |
| Laboratorio de Ictiologialocation not on record | 13 |
| Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH)location not on record | 13 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 11 |
| Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária, IPAlocation not on record | 10 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 7 |
| UEPAlocation not on record | 6 |
| Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL)location not on record | 6 |
| Millersville, US | 5 |
| National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Ricalocation not on record | 5 |
| NLD037location not on record | 5 |
| Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)location not on record | 5 |
| Kew, GB | 5 |
| Córdoba, AR | 5 |
| Universidade Federal de Goiáslocation not on record | 4 |
| UNEMATlocation not on record | 4 |
| Columbia, US | 3 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| UFRRJlocation not on record | 3 |
| Durango, MX | 3 |
| South Kensington, GB | 3 |
| JBRJlocation not on record | 3 |
| Uberlândia, BR | 3 |
| Salvador, BR | 2 |
| Mérida, MX | 2 |
| UFBAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra, BO | 2 |
| ESP026location not on record | 2 |
| arosemena tola, EC | 2 |
| Jardín Botánico de Cartagena "Guillermo Piñeres" (JBC)location not on record | 2 |
| Antiguo Cuscatlán, SV | 2 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| Pullman, US | 1 |
| UNESP-RClocation not on record | 1 |
| Auckland, NZ | 1 |
| Porto Alegre, BR | 1 |
| Seropédica, BR | 1 |
| UEMAlocation not on record | 1 |
| San José, CR | 1 |
| León, NI | 1 |
| La Paz, BO | 1 |
| Santarém, BR | 1 |
| Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas (UDistrital)location not on record | 1 |
| Loja, EC | 1 |
| Chapel Hill, US | 1 |
| UChlocation not on record | 1 |
| UNIVILLElocation not on record | 1 |
| Tapachula, MX | 1 |
| Universidad de Nariño (UdeNar)location not on record | 1 |
| Mexico City, MX | 1 |
| UTPLlocation not on record | 1 |
| UFOPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Fundación Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellínlocation not on record | 1 |
| QAPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Brasília, BR | 1 |
| València, ES | 1 |
| UFMSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ivano-Frankivsk, UA | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| Berlin, DE | 1 |
| Juriquilla, MX | 1 |
| Institut fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologielocation not on record | 1 |
| UTFPR-SLlocation not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Capsicum chinense was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.