Size & morphology2
Plant height1.37 m
Seed mass1.18 mg
Life cycle & reproduction24
After harvest regrowth rateModerate
Bloom periodLate Summer
Coppice potentialNo
Deciduousnessn.d.
Flower colouryellow
Flower conspicuousNo
Fruit seed period beginSummer
Fruit seed period endFall
Growth rate USDAModerate
Life spanperennial
Lifespan categoryModerate
Propagated by bare rootNo
Propagated by bulbNo
Propagated by containerNo
Propagated by cormNo
Propagated by cuttingsNo
Propagated by seedYes
Propagated by sodNo
Propagated by sprigsNo
Propagated by tubersNo
Resprout abilityNo
Seed spread rateSlow
Seedling vigorMedium
Vegetative spread rateRapid
Habitat & environment21
Active growth periodSpring and Summer
Adapted to coarse textured soilsYes
Adapted to fine textured soilsNo
Adapted to medium textured soilsYes
BloatNone
Foliage colorGreen
Foliage porosity summerModerate
Foliage porosity winterPorous
Foliage textureCoarse
Fruit colourbrown
Growth formherb
Growth form USDARhizomatous
Hedge toleranceNone
Known allelopathNo
Leaf retentionNo
Low growing grassNo
Mycorrhiza typearbuscular
Root depth min20 in
Shape and orientationErect
Small grainNo
Woodinessnon-woody
Physiology & chemistry24
Anaerobic toleranceNone
C:N ratioMedium
Caco3 toleranceHigh
Cold stratification requiredNo
Drought toleranceHigh
Fertility requirementHigh
Fire resistantNo
Fire toleranceMedium
Frost free days min135 days
Leaf C:N ratio34.39 g/g
Leaf c463 mg/g
Leaf n14.54 mg/g
Moisture useMedium
Nitrogen fixation levelNone
Photosynthetic pathwayC4
Precipitation max22 in
Precipitation min12 in
Protein potentialMedium
Salinity toleranceLow
Shade toleranceHigh
Soil pH max8.4 pH
Soil pH min5.6 pH
Specific leaf area (SLA)9.56 mm²/mg
Temperature min-38 °F
Uses & economy15
Berry nut seed productNo
Christmas tree productNo
Commercial availabilityRoutinely Available
Fodder productYes
Lumber productNo
Naval store productNo
Nursery stock productNo
Palatable browse animalMedium
Palatable graze animalMedium
Palatable humanNo
Post productNo
Pulpwood productNo
Seeds per pound274 000 per lb
ToxicityNone
Veneer productNo
Other traits4
Fall conspicuousNo
Fruit seed abundanceMedium
Fruit seed conspicuousNo
Fruit seed persistenceNo