Bugula neritina
(Linnaeus, 1758) · speciesAt a glance
Sources13 archives
Databases and archives Bugula neritina's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation4 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility3 549 records↗
OBISOcean Biodiversity Information System1 809 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI290 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics701 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinegenome & karyotype↗
Catalogue of LifeCOLtaxonomy↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
DISPLAYTITLE Bugula neritina (commonly known as brown bryozoan or common bugula) is a cryptic species complex of sessile marine animal in the genus Bugula.Gordon, D. (2015). Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=111158 on 2015-09-02 It is invasive with a cosmopolitan distribution. Bugula neritina is of interest from a drug discovery perspective because its bacterial symbiont, Candidatus Endobugula sertula, produces the bryostatins, a group of around twenty bioactive natural products. The bryostatins are under investigation for their therapeutic potential directed at cancer immunotherapy, treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and HIV/AIDS eradication, due to their low toxicity and antineoplastic activity. The draft whole genome of Bugula neritina has recently been sequenced. This adds to the growing number of genomes on the total list of sequenced animal genomes. Bugula neritina is also of interest in materials science, where it is used as a model organism in biofouling studies.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology1
Habitat & environment2
Other traits3
Compounds documented for Bugula neritina across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds113 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (-)-Caryophyllene | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,2E,5R,6E,10S)-3,7-dimethyl-10-propan-2-ylcyclodeca-2,6-diene-1,5-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,2R,3S,6E,8R,10S)-6,10-dimethyl-3-propan-2-yl-11-oxabicyclo[8.1.0]undec-6-ene-2,8-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,2R,4aR,8R,8aS)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4a-methyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1H-naphthalene-1,8-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,4S,5E,7S)-4-methyl-10-methylidene-7-propan-2-ylcyclodec-5-ene-1,4-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,4S,6R,10S)-4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylidene-5-oxatricyclo[8.2.0.04,6]dodecane | present | NPASS | |
| (1S,2R,4aR,5R,8aR)-4a-methyl-8-methylidene-2-propan-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphthalene-1,5-diol | present | NPASS | |
| (1S,2S,3R,5S,8E,11S)-2-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-4,12-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.03,5]tetradec-8-en-13-one | present | NPASS | |
| (1S,2S,3S,5R,8E,11S)-2-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14-methylidene-4,12-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.03,5]tetradec-8-en-13-one | present | NPASS | |
| (1S,3R,5S,8E,10R,11S)-10-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-12-methylidene-4,14-dioxatricyclo[9.3.0.03,5]tetradec-8-en-13-one | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Bugula neritina has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
Besides the big genome in the nucleus, cells carry a small, circular loop of DNA inside the cell's energy factories — the mitochondria. It is inherited almost only from the mother and is a leftover from ancient bacteria that moved into the cell. The mitochondrial markers above (ND*, COX, CYTB…) are read from exactly this loop. Outer ring = one strand, inner ring = the other.
The complete instruction manual Bugula neritina carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
Record type5 358 records
Origin
Range
Depth
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions18 of 51 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korealocation not on record | 399 |
| Santa Barbara Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 330 |
| CASlocation not on record | 110 |
| Washington, US | 108 |
| DASSHlocation not on record | 83 |
| Sydney, AU | 77 |
| Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology & Paleobotanylocation not on record | 60 |
| ARMS-MBONlocation not on record | 35 |
| Museo civico La Terra e l'Uomo di Crocetta del Montellolocation not on record | 29 |
| Honolulu, US | 25 |
| Museums Victorialocation not on record | 19 |
| Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC)location not on record | 16 |
| Florida Atlantic University, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Museumlocation not on record | 16 |
| South Kensington, GB | 14 |
| Cambridge, US | 14 |
| Cantablocation not on record | 12 |
| Los Angeles, US | 9 |
| DOI/NPS, Salem Maritime National Historic Sitelocation not on record | 8 |
| Puerto Ayora, EC | 8 |
| Natick, US | 8 |
| Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collectionlocation not on record | 7 |
| Natural History Museum, Londonlocation not on record | 6 |
| PNHSlocation not on record | 6 |
| New Haven, US | 6 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 5 |
| QVMAGlocation not on record | 5 |
| Bergen, NO | 4 |
| NHMOlocation not on record | 4 |
| Gothenburg, SE | 4 |
| Barcelona, ES | 4 |
| Toronto, CA | 3 |
| Australian Institute of Marine Sciencelocation not on record | 3 |
| 3 | |
| Western Australian Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| Victoria, CA | 2 |
| Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciêncialocation not on record | 1 |
| CEFASlocation not on record | 1 |
| San Jose State Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 1 |
| Brussels, BE | 1 |
| UNICAMPlocation not on record | 1 |
| Earth Sciences New Zealandlocation not on record | 1 |
| University Museum of Bergen, Natural History Collectionslocation not on record | 1 |
| NTNU-VMlocation not on record | 1 |
| National Institute of Biological Resourceslocation not on record | 1 |
| RWSlocation not on record | 1 |
| IBIOMARlocation not on record | 1 |
| Hellenic Centre of Marine Research; Institute for Oceanographylocation not on record | 1 |
| HUJIlocation not on record | 1 |
| Stockholm, SE | 1 |
| UM-RSMASlocation not on record | 1 |
Where the DNA of Bugula neritina was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.