Betonica officinalis
speciesAt a glance
Sources12 archives
Databases and archives Betonica officinalis's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation12 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility178 657 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI17 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics27 specimens↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Betonica officinalis (syn. Stachys officinalis), commonly known as common hedgenettle, betony, purple betony, wood betony, bishopwort, or bishop's wort, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Pliny (25, 8, 46, § 84) calls the plant both betonica and vettonica, claiming that the Vettones used it as a herbal medicine. It is commonly known as Stachys officinalis, the word stachys coming from the Greek, meaning "an ear of grain," and refers to the fact that the inflorescence is often a spike. The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to plants which had a culinary or medicinal use.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology7
Life cycle & reproduction11
Diet & foraging2
Habitat & environment7
Physiology & chemistry2
Other traits1
Compounds documented for Betonica officinalis across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds66 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Valine | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4aR,7aR)-7-methyl-1,4a-bis[[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-1,7a-dihydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4aS,7aR)-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,7a-dihydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,4aS,7aR)-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a-[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,7a-dihydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-5-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-1,5-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,8,11a-trimethyl-1,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydronaphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-3,6-dione | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-1,5-dihydroxy-8,8,11a-trimethyl-3-oxo-6,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-4-carbaldehyde | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-1,5-dihydroxy-8,8,11a-trimethyl-4-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-6,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-3-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-1-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,8,11a-trimethyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-3-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,8,11a-trimethyl-1,5-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-6,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-3-one | present | LOTUS | |
| (1S,7aS,11aS)-5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-8,8,11a-trimethyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6,7,7a,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-naphtho[1,2-e][2]benzofuran-3-one | present | LOTUS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Betonica officinalis has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Betonica officinalis carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 1664×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ita-fl +15
diploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
diploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type178 657 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions38 of 97 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| Zürich, CH | 693 |
| BIO-UNIPIlocation not on record | 468 |
| Zürich, CH | 364 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 299 |
| LDlocation not on record | 287 |
| Salzburg, AT | 186 |
| BFLlocation not on record | 179 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 147 |
| Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 98 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 59 |
| Oskarshamn, SE | 45 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 44 |
| Brussel, BE | 44 |
| Görlitz, DE | 42 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 38 |
| Uppsala, SE | 33 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 26 |
| Uniwersytet Warszawskilocation not on record | 26 |
| Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicachlocation not on record | 24 |
| Tula State Universitylocation not on record | 23 |
| LfUlocation not on record | 23 |
| Wlocation not on record | 21 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 21 |
| Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiejlocation not on record | 20 |
| Mlocation not on record | 18 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 18 |
| South Kensington, GB | 13 |
| Dresden, DE | 13 |
| BClocation not on record | 12 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 11 |
| Stadt Seeland, Ortsteil Gatersleben, DE | 11 |
| Berlin, DE | 9 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 9 |
| The Tula Region State Institution of Culture "Tula Museum Association"location not on record | 8 |
| The State Museum-Preserve "The Kulikovo pole"location not on record | 8 |
| Olocation not on record | 8 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 7 |
| PRClocation not on record | 6 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 6 |
| Turku, FI | 5 |
| Institute for Agricultural Bacteriology and Fermentation Biologylocation not on record | 5 |
| Uniwersytet Rolniczy im. Hugona Kołłątaja w Krakowielocation not on record | 5 |
| Helsinki, FI | 5 |
| Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical Universitylocation not on record | 4 |
| Bourges, FR | 4 |
| Tallinn, EE | 4 |
| San Jose State University, Museum of Birds and Mammalslocation not on record | 4 |
| CZE061location not on record | 3 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Columbia, US | 3 |
| Dekalb, US | 3 |
| TUR-Alocation not on record | 3 |
| FLADlocation not on record | 3 |
| Fulda, DE | 3 |
| Taipei, TW | 3 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 3 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 3 |
| Bergen, NO | 3 |
| Oulu, FI | 2 |
| Samara National Research Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 2 |
| Naturalis Biodiversity Centerlocation not on record | 2 |
| Finnish Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 2 |
| Saint Louis, US | 2 |
| Salvador, BR | 2 |
| BSBIlocation not on record | 2 |
| MAlocation not on record | 2 |
| Kuopio, FI | 2 |
| Porvoo, FI | 2 |
| Beijing, CN | 1 |
| Kew, GB | 1 |
| EL PASO, US | 1 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 1 |
| Caldwell, US | 1 |
| Tuscaloosa, US | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 1 |
| CJBNlocation not on record | 1 |
| ZRC-SAZUlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uniwersytet w Białymstokulocation not on record | 1 |
| John May Museum of Natural Historylocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Guelph, OAC Herbariumlocation not on record | 1 |
| València, ES | 1 |
| Changsha, CN | 1 |
| Granada, ES | 1 |
| Sion, CH | 1 |
| SVN019location not on record | 1 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| Phyletisches Museum Jenalocation not on record | 1 |
| Muséum Henri Lecoqlocation not on record | 1 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 1 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 1 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 1 |
| BG-NMNHSlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tartu, EE | 1 |
| National Botanic Garden of Waleslocation not on record | 1 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Betonica officinalis was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.