Atropa belladonna
speciesAt a glance
Sources15 archives
Databases and archives Atropa belladonna's data was compiled from.
WikipediaWikimedia Foundation17 languages↗
BioWikiNetmultilingual Wikipediamultilingual↗
GBIFGlobal Biodiversity Information Facility50 125 records↗
ENAEuropean Nucleotide Archive · EMBL-EBI40 eDNA detections↗
BOLD SystemsCentre for Biodiversity Genomics38 specimens↗
NCBIUS National Library of Medicinesequences↗
LOTUSNatural Products (Wikidata)compounds↗
NPASSNat. Product Activity & Species Sourcecompounds↗
GRIN TaxonomyUSDA-ARSdistribution & uses↗
Open Tree of LifeOpenTreephylogeny backbone↗
CCDBChromosome Counts DB · Tel Aviv U.genome & karyotype↗
GoaTGenomes on a Tree · Sangergenome & karyotype↗
PloiDBPloidy Databasegenome & karyotype
Paleobiology DatabasePBDB consortiumfossil record↗
GLoBIGlobal Biotic Interactionsbiotic interactions↗Every layer below draws on the sources above — open one to explore it, or use ← → to move between tabs.
Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a toxic perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (aubergine). It is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. Its distribution extends from Great Britain in the west to western Ukraine and the Iranian province of Gilan in the east. It is also naturalised or introduced in some parts of Canada and the United States. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic when ingested, containing tropane alkaloids. These toxins include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which cause delirium and hallucinations, and are also used as pharmaceutical anticholinergics. Tropane alkaloids are of common occurrence not only in the Old World tribes Hyoscyameae (to which the genus Atropa belongs) and Mandragoreae, but also in the New World tribe Datureae - all of which belong to the subfamily Solanoideae of the plant family Solanaceae. Atropa belladonna has unpredictable effects. The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine.
No narrative description available for this taxon yet.
Size & morphology1
Compounds documented for Atropa belladonna across natural-product and food-composition databases — not just the ~150 nutrients on a classic label ("nutritional dark matter").
Compound class profile5 classes
Documented compounds86 total
| Compound | Class | Amount | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| ((1S,5R)-8-Methyl-8-Azabicyclo(3.2.1)Octan-3-Yl) (2R)-3-Hydroxy-2-Phenylpropanoate | present | NPASS | |
| (+)-alpha-Muurolene | present | NPASS | |
| (+)-Germacrene D | present | NPASS | |
| (-)-7-epi-alpha-Selinene | present | NPASS | |
| (-)-Caryophyllene | present | NPASS | |
| (-)-gamma-Cadinene | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,2R,3R,4S)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-1,2,3,4-tetrol | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,2R,4S,5S,7s)-9-Methyl-3-oxa-9-azatricyclo[3.3.1.02,4]non-7-yl 2-Phenylprop-2-enoate | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,4aR,8aS)-1-Isopropyl-7-methyl-4-methylene-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalene | present | NPASS | |
| (1R,4S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R,18S,21S)-5,8,11,11,14,17,23,23-octamethyl-22-oxahexacyclo[19.1.1.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosane | present | NPASS |
A DNA barcode is a short, standardised stretch of genes that works like a fingerprint — enough to tell one species from another. Below is the molecular trace Atropa belladonna has left across the world's sequence archives.
At a glance
★ the standard DNA barcode for this group — the short region actually read to tell this species apart. The rest are extra genes sequenced along the way.
The complete instruction manual Atropa belladonna carries — its genome. We read it from three angles — how big it is, how the DNA is packed into chromosomes, and how completely it has been sequenced — and explain how to read each value as you go.
Genome sizehow big the whole instruction manual is
Measured in base pairs (bp) — the individual letters of DNA (human ≈ 3.2 Gb, a bacterium a few million). The chart places this genome on a logarithmic scale — each step to the right is ten times bigger — among reference organisms. Across species a bigger genome loosely tracks with larger cells, slower growth and lower-energy lifestyles (powered flight favours small genomes) — yet it does not imply more genes or a more advanced organism (the long-standing C-value paradox).
Chromosomes & ploidyhow the DNA is packaged
2n is the full chromosome count in a normal body cell; n is a gamete (egg or sperm), which carries half. Ploidy is how many complete chromosome sets each cell holds — 2× (diploid) is typical for animals, while higher levels (polyploidy) are common in plants. Click any value below to see the underlying records and sources.
2n 7227×GoaT · DTOL Flowering Plants Estimates Kew · GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database · CCDB · ita-fl +9
2n 503×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-fedorov · CCDB · book-atlas-flowering-plants
2n 602×CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
n 369×CCDB · solan · CCDB · ipcn-api-dl · CCDB · book-ipcn72 +3
n 252×CCDB · iber-fl · CCDB · CromoCat 2015
hexaploid1×GoaT · Kew Plant DNA C-values Database
polyploid inferred1×PloiDB · genus-scale
Sequencing statusassembly quality — how far to trust these numbers
Assembly level tells you how finished the sequence is — from fragmented contigs, through scaffolds, up to a full chromosome-level assembly. BUSCO % estimates completeness: the share of genes expected to be present that were actually found. These describe the data quality, not the organism.
How far back this lineage goes — and how we know. Everything here is measured in Ma, short for “mega-annum”: millions of years ago. The chart reads left to right like a calendar of the Earth, from the deep past on the left to today at the right edgetop to bottom like a core drilled through the Earth, from the deep past at the top down to today at the bottom.
At a glance
When this lineage existed
How to read this: the coloured strip along the bottomdown the left is the geological calendar — the standard epochs (Pliocene, Pleistocene…) every museum uses, shown so you can see which chapter of Earth's history this lineage lived in. This lineage is a young one, so the strip is zoomed in to epochs — the finer subdivisions inside a period. The orange marker is the DNA clock: DNA accumulates mutations at a roughly steady rate, so comparing this species' DNA with its relatives estimates when the lineage split off — independently of any fossil.
Record type50 125 records
Origin
Range
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Museum / Voucheredphysical evidence
Backed by a physical specimen — a herbarium sheet, sample or voucher held in a collection. “Vouchered” means supported by material evidence, not just an observation.
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Wildobservation + sensor
Human sightings and records, or camera-trap / sensor detections — someone (or a device) saw or captured the species in the wild.
Holding institutions66 of 136 geolocated
Institutions and collections holding physical, vouchered specimens of this species — click a row to fly to it on the map.
| Institution | Specimens |
|---|---|
| BFLlocation not on record | 218 |
| Uniwersytet Wrocławskilocation not on record | 183 |
| Salzburg, AT | 96 |
| South Kensington, GB | 77 |
| LDlocation not on record | 71 |
| Moscow State Universitylocation not on record | 61 |
| Paris, FR | 55 |
| Provincia di Livornolocation not on record | 47 |
| MAlocation not on record | 41 |
| València, ES | 38 |
| Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznańlocation not on record | 36 |
| Museo Entomologico de Leonlocation not on record | 33 |
| Barcelona, ES | 31 |
| Vitoria, ES | 29 |
| Dresden, DE | 27 |
| Bern, CH | 26 |
| BDBClocation not on record | 20 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 20 |
| Lausanne, CH | 19 |
| Museum Ludovicae Ulricae, Zoology Institute of the University of Uppsalalocation not on record | 18 |
| KFGBlocation not on record | 18 |
| GJOlocation not on record | 16 |
| Wlocation not on record | 15 |
| Institut und Museum fuer Geologie und Palaeontologielocation not on record | 15 |
| Berlin, DE | 14 |
| Olocation not on record | 13 |
| Porrentruy, CH | 13 |
| Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe (State Museum of Natural History)location not on record | 11 |
| BClocation not on record | 11 |
| SLU Artdatabankenlocation not on record | 10 |
| Brussel, BE | 10 |
| Natural History Museum Rotterdamlocation not on record | 9 |
| Frauenfeld, CH | 9 |
| Mlocation not on record | 9 |
| Uppsala, SE | 9 |
| Görlitz, DE | 9 |
| MeiseBGlocation not on record | 9 |
| BRNUlocation not on record | 8 |
| Entomological Society of Latvialocation not on record | 7 |
| Salamanca, ES | 7 |
| Pamplona, ES | 7 |
| Beijing, CN | 6 |
| Granada, ES | 6 |
| CJBGlocation not on record | 6 |
| Conservatoire botanique national du Bassin parisienlocation not on record | 6 |
| Zürich, CH | 6 |
| Saint Louis, US | 6 |
| College of the Atlantic, Museumlocation not on record | 5 |
| Christchurch, NZ | 5 |
| DBF-NHMDlocation not on record | 5 |
| Bourges, FR | 4 |
| PRClocation not on record | 4 |
| Karlsruhe, DE | 4 |
| GBS RAN - Glavny Botanichesky Sad Rossijskoj Akademii Nauklocation not on record | 4 |
| Museo Achille Folettolocation not on record | 4 |
| Tartu, EE | 4 |
| Bronx, US | 4 |
| University of Stellenboschlocation not on record | 4 |
| CICYTEXlocation not on record | 3 |
| Nanjing, CN | 3 |
| Alicante, ES | 3 |
| Jaén, ES | 3 |
| GZUlocation not on record | 3 |
| Kostrzyca Forest Gene Banklocation not on record | 3 |
| Chongqing Museumlocation not on record | 3 |
| Auckland, NZ | 3 |
| H-Schuhwlocation not on record | 3 |
| Edinburgh, GB | 2 |
| Glarus, CH | 2 |
| WTUlocation not on record | 2 |
| SZUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Badajoz, ES | 2 |
| Nijmegen, NL | 2 |
| JBCLMlocation not on record | 2 |
| H-Wolflocation not on record | 2 |
| BEIlocation not on record | 2 |
| Uniwersytet Opolskilocation not on record | 2 |
| Wellington, NZ | 2 |
| Kew, GB | 2 |
| National Museum Waleslocation not on record | 2 |
| H-Hohlalocation not on record | 2 |
| Bangkok, TH | 2 |
| Winterthur, CH | 2 |
| Podgorica, ME | 2 |
| Beijing Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 2 |
| SMMUlocation not on record | 2 |
| Peking Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Istituto Agrario Castelnuovolocation not on record | 2 |
| Namur, BE | 2 |
| SNSNMClocation not on record | 2 |
| Zürich, CH | 2 |
| Kyoto Universitylocation not on record | 2 |
| Boumlocation not on record | 2 |
| KMNlocation not on record | 1 |
| Muséum Henri Lecoqlocation not on record | 1 |
| Sevilla, ES | 1 |
| EMTCMlocation not on record | 1 |
| Tampa, US | 1 |
| IPE-CSIClocation not on record | 1 |
| Dublin, IE | 1 |
| Chongqing Natural History Museumlocation not on record | 1 |
| University of Alberta Museumslocation not on record | 1 |
| Ann Arbor, US | 1 |
| Bloomington, US | 1 |
| Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU)location not on record | 1 |
| Gijón, ES | 1 |
| H-Dunkellocation not on record | 1 |
| München, DE | 1 |
| Logan, US | 1 |
| Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Firenze, IT | 1 |
| South China Normal Universitylocation not on record | 1 |
| Vancouver, CA | 1 |
| Pamplona, ES | 1 |
| Guangzhou, CN | 1 |
| Canadian Department of Agriculturelocation not on record | 1 |
| Pullman, US | 1 |
| Clemson, US | 1 |
| PrivatHerblocation not on record | 1 |
| Canberra, AU | 1 |
| Kuopio, FI | 1 |
| Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitat Greifswaldlocation not on record | 1 |
| Durham, US | 1 |
| Xiamen, CN | 1 |
| Fulda, DE | 1 |
| OLAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Royal Botanic Gardens, Kewlocation not on record | 1 |
| Stockholm, SE | 1 |
| University of Salzburglocation not on record | 1 |
| Henry Brockhouse Collectionlocation not on record | 1 |
| Ojo, NG | 1 |
| Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária, IPAlocation not on record | 1 |
| Uberlândia, BR | 1 |
| Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocagelocation not on record | 1 |
| Salvador, BR | 1 |
| Philadelphia, US | 1 |
Cultivated / Captivenot free-living
A living individual in a botanical garden, zoo or nursery — cultivated or kept, not free-living.
Where the DNA of Atropa belladonna was picked up in samples of water, soil or air — nobody saw the organism, only its DNA left behind. A trace is a clue that the species was near, not a confirmed sighting.
Signal
Where its DNA was found
How strong is each trace?
Modelled climatemodelled
How to read this: each dot is one detection of this species' DNA in an environmental sample. The confidence meter weighs how many independent studies and places back up the signal — one detection in one study is a hint; many across several studies is solid. Records dated before 2008 (when eDNA methods began) are treated as likely mislabeled and left off the map.